Children’s Body Mass Index Depending on Dietary Patterns, the Use of Technological Devices, the Internet and Sleep on BMI in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Bioelectrical Impedance
2.3. Arterial Blood Pressure
2.4. Questionnaires
2.5. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Group
3.2. Findings
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | 6–10 years (N = 194) | 11–15 years (N = 182) | Z | p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 376) | SD | Me | Min. | Max. | SD | Me | Min. | Max. | ||||
Height (cm) | 138.6 | 9.3 | 138.5 | 116.0 | 164.0 | 158.7 | 9.9 | 158.0 | 130.0 | 183.0 | −14.3 | 0.000 |
Body mass (kg) | 34.6 | 9.8 | 32.6 | 19.0 | 81.2 | 50.7 | 13.7 | 48.3 | 28.0 | 107.3 | −11.6 | 0.000 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.7 | 3.3 | 17.1 | 12.1 | 30.2 | 19.9 | 4.0 | 19.1 | 13.4 | 39.9 | −5.6 | 0.000 |
BMI Centiles | 53.7 | 31.4 | 55.0 | 0.1 | 99.0 | 54.3 | 30.5 | 54.0 | 0.1 | 99.9 | −0.1 | 0.862 |
Fat tissue (%) | 20.8 | 7.4 | 19.6 | 8.2 | 43.9 | 20.0 | 8.3 | 19.7 | 5.2 | 49.0 | −1.1 | 0.239 |
Fat free mass (kg) | 26.8 | 5.5 | 26.3 | 17.3 | 45.6 | 39.8 | 8.4 | 38.5 | 24.8 | 66.5 | −13.8 | 0.000 |
Total body water (kg) | 19.6 | 4.0 | 19.3 | 12.7 | 33.4 | 29.1 | 6.2 | 28.2 | 18.2 | 48.7 | −13.8 | 0.000 |
6–10 years (N = 194) | Boys (N = 99) | Girls (N = 95) | Z | p | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 138.4 | 9.0 | 138.0 | 116.0 | 164.0 | 138.8 | 9.6 | 139.0 | 121.0 | 162.0 | −0.1 | 0.924 |
Body mass (kg) | 34.8 | 10.0 | 33.0 | 20.6 | 81.2 | 34.4 | 9.6 | 32.0 | 19.0 | 60.5 | −0.1 | 0.923 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.8 | 3.3 | 17.0 | 13.3 | 30.2 | 17.6 | 3.4 | 17.2 | 12.1 | 26.5 | −0.5 | 0.619 |
BMI Centiles | 53.8 | 30.8 | 53.0 | 1.0 | 99.0 | 53.7 | 32.3 | 58.0 | 0.1 | 98.0 | −0.0 | 0.980 |
Fat tissue (%) | 19.6 | 6.9 | 18.5 | 8.7 | 43.9 | 22.0 | 7.6 | 21.4 | 8.2 | 37.7 | −2.2 | 0.024 |
Fat free mass (kg) | 27.4 | 5.6 | 26.7 | 17.8 | 45.6 | 26.2 | 5.3 | 25.7 | 17.3 | 38.9 | −1.3 | 0.167 |
Total body water (kg) | 20.0 | 4.1 | 19.5 | 13.0 | 33.4 | 19.2 | 3.9 | 18.8 | 12.7 | 28.5 | −1.3 | 0.170 |
11–15 years (N = 182) | Boys (N = 88) | Girls (N = 94) | Z | p | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 159.2 | 11.4 | 158.5 | 130.0 | 183.0 | 158.2 | 8.2 | 158.0 | 135.0 | 176.0 | −0.6 | 0.490 |
Body mass (kg) | 50.8 | 14.0 | 47.6 | 29.6 | 86.7 | 50.6 | 13.6 | 49.1 | 28.0 | 107.3 | −0.1 | 0.899 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.7 | 3.5 | 18.9 | 13.9 | 28.4 | 20.0 | 4.3 | 19.1 | 13.4 | 39.9 | −0.4 | 0.692 |
BMI Centiles | 53.8 | 30.1 | 54.0 | 1.0 | 98.0 | 54.7 | 31.1 | 54.5 | 0.1 | 99.9 | −0.2 | 0.792 |
Fat tissue (%) | 15.9 | 6.7 | 14.6 | 5.2 | 33.2 | 23.8 | 7.9 | 23.4 | 9.5 | 49.0 | −6.4 | 0.000 |
Fat free mass (kg) | 42.1 | 9.8 | 41.3 | 25.3 | 66.5 | 37.6 | 6.2 | 37.1 | 24.8 | 54.7 | −2.8 | 0.004 |
Total body water (kg) | 30.8 | 7.2 | 30.2 | 18.5 | 48.7 | 27.5 | 4.5 | 27.1 | 18.2 | 40.0 | −2.8 | 0.004 |
Title | 6–10 | 11–15 | 6–10 | 11–15 | Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||||||||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Body weight category (WHO) | Underweight | 2 | 2.0% | 6 | 6.3% | 2 | 2.3% | 3 | 3.2% | 8 | 4.1% | 5 | 2.7% | 13 | 3.5% |
Normal body mass | 75 | 75.8% | 68 | 71.6% | 67 | 76.1% | 69 | 73.4% | 143 | 73.7% | 136 | 74.7% | 279 | 74.2% | |
Overweight | 18 | 18.2% | 18 | 18.9% | 18 | 20.5% | 18 | 19.1% | 36 | 18.6% | 36 | 19.8% | 72 | 19.1% | |
Obesity | 4 | 4.0% | 3 | 3.2% | 1 | 1.1% | 4 | 4.3% | 7 | 3.6% | 5 | 2.7% | 12 | 3.2% | |
X2 = 2.404; p=0.493 | X2 = 1.834; p = 0.608 | X2 = 0.819; p = 0.845 |
Selected Variables | Age | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6–10 | Z | p | ||||||||||
Body Mass Category (BMI) According (WHO) | ||||||||||||
Normal Body Mass | Overweight/Obese | |||||||||||
SD | Me | Min. | Max. | SD | Me | Min. | Max. | |||||
Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 106.12 | 12.88 | 105 | 67 | 155 | 110.47 | 16.20 | 111 | 62 | 141 | −2.02 | 0.043 |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 70.83 | 11.90 | 70 | 48 | 132 | 72.51 | 8.49 | 72 | 47 | 87 | -2.20 | 0.028 |
Time of watching movies or programs in the Internet (on an iPad, tablet, computer, smartphone) or TV per day in the weekdays (h) | 1.97 | 0.96 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2.05 | 0.95 | 2 | 0 | 5 | −0.65 | 0.516 |
Time of watching movies or programs in the Internet (on an iPad, tablet, computer, smartphone) or TV per day on the weekend (h) | 2.57 | 0.97 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 2.81 | 1.01 | 3 | 0 | 5 | −1.10 | 0.270 |
Time of playing games (on your computer/game console /smartphone/iPad, etc.) per day in the weekdays (h) | 1.18 | 1.09 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1.40 | 1.07 | 1 | 0 | 5 | −1.29 | 0.195 |
Time of playing games (on your computer/game console /smartphone/iPad, etc.) per day on the weekend (h) | 1.90 | 1.10 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2.02 | 1.12 | 2 | 0 | 5 | −0.72 | 0.474 |
Using a smartphone on a typical day (n) | 2.21 | 1.34 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.72 | 1.58 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −1.99 | 0.047 |
Days with 60 min or longer physical activity (n) | 3.67 | 1.83 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 3.53 | 2.16 | 3 | 0 | 7 | −0.44 | 0.660 |
Time of sleeping during a 24 h period on school days (h) | 9.35 | 0.88 | 9.5 | 6.5 | 11.5 | 9.14 | 0.93 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 12.0 | −1.75 | 0.081 |
Time of sleeping during a 24 h period on weekends (h) | 10.42 | 1.14 | 10.5 | 7.0 | 13.0 | 10.43 | 1.35 | 10.5 | 6.0 | 13.0 | −0.64 | 0.525 |
Sleep quality (n) | 1.53 | 0.61 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1.58 | 0.54 | 2 | 1 | 3 | −0.76 | 0.449 |
Selected Variables | Age | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11–15 | Z | p | ||||||||||
Body Mass Category (BMI)—According WHO | ||||||||||||
Normal Body Mass | Overweight/Obese | |||||||||||
SD | Me | Min. | Max. | SD | Me | Min | Max | |||||
Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 120.38 | 14.93 | 119 | 92 | 190 | 130.05 | 15.23 | 128 | 103 | 165 | −3.60 | 0.000 |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 75.38 | 8.74 | 75 | 59 | 111 | 77.68 | 9.78 | 77 | 59 | 98 | −1.59 | 0.111 |
Time of watching movies or programs in the Internet (on an iPad, tablet, computer, smartphone) or TV per day in the weekdays (h) | 2.29 | 0.97 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2.32 | 1.27 | 2 | 0 | 5 | −0.23 | 0.816 |
Time of watching movies or programs in the Internet (on an iPad, tablet, computer, smartphone) or TV per day on the weekend (h) | 3.05 | 1.02 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 3.07 | 1.19 | 3 | 0 | 5 | −0.13 | 0.899 |
Time of playing games (on your computer / game console / smartphone / iPad, etc.) per day in the weekdays (h) | 1.44 | 1.13 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1.29 | 1.10 | 1 | 0 | 5 | −0.82 | 0.410 |
Time of playing games (on your computer / game console / smartphone / iPad, etc.) per day on the weekend (h) | 2.07 | 1.42 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 1.78 | 1.26 | 2 | 0 | 5 | −1.22 | 0.222 |
Using a smartphone on a typical day (n) | 4.01 | 1.42 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 4.20 | 1.55 | 4 | 2 | 7 | −0.49 | 0.625 |
Days with 60 min or longer physical activity (n) | 4.15 | 1.82 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 4.32 | 1.88 | 5 | 0 | 7 | −0.68 | 0.497 |
Time of sleeping during a 24 h period on school days (h) | 8.20 | 1.38 | 8.0 | 4.0 | 13.0 | 8.29 | 1.54 | 8.5 | 3.5 | 11.5 | −0.93 | 0.354 |
Time of sleeping during a 24 h period on weekends (h) | 10.02 | 1.47 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 14.0 | 9.76 | 1.98 | 10.0 | 5.5 | 15.5 | −1.02 | 0.307 |
Sleep quality (n) | 1.88 | 0.72 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1.85 | 0.79 | 2 | 1 | 4 | −0.52 | 0.602 |
BMI | Non-Standardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | p | F | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | β | ||||||
Total | (Constant) | 2.91 | 0.01 | 302.47 | 0.000 | 12.88 | 0.000 | |
Sleep | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.18 | −3.36 | 0.001 | |||
Media—playing games | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 2.42 | 0.016 | |||
Girls | (Constant) | 2.90 | 0.02 | 192.22 | 0.000 | 9.18 | 0.000 | |
Media—playing games | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 3.62 | 0.000 | |||
Media—watching movies and using a smartphone | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 2.12 | 0.036 | |||
Boys | (Constant) | 2.92 | 0.01 | 224.26 | 0.000 | 8.31 | 0.004 | |
Sleep | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.21 | −2.88 | 0.004 | |||
6–10 years | (Constant) | 2.87 | 0.01 | 216.45 | 0.000 | 4.57 | 0.034 | |
Media—watching movies and using a smartphone | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 2.14 | 0.034 | |||
11-15 years | (Constant) | 2.96 | 0.01 | 202.36 | 0.000 | 5.11 | 0.025 | |
Sleep | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.17 | −2.26 | 0.025 |
Selected Food Items | Body Mass Category (BMI) According WHO | Z | p | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Body Mass | Overweight/Obese | |||||||||||
SD | Me | Min. | Max. | SD | Me | Min. | Max. | |||||
Legumes (e.g., beans, lentils, chickpeas) | 1.61 | 1.17 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.76 | 1.24 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −1.39 | 0.164 |
Potatoes (cooked) | 2.81 | 1.23 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 2.87 | 1.45 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −0.33 | 0.741 |
Raw vegetables (mixed salad, carrot, fennel, cucumber, lettuce, tomato) | 2.80 | 1.51 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 3.19 | 1.72 | 3 | 1 | 7 | −1.82 | 0.068 |
Fresh fruits (also as freshly squeezed juice) | 3.54 | 1.77 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 3.52 | 1.78 | 3 | 1 | 7 | −0.17 | 0.862 |
Water (tap water, carbonated water, plain water) | 4.89 | 1.97 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 5.01 | 1.98 | 6 | 1 | 7 | −0.74 | 0.461 |
Fruit juices (100% fruit), packaged (orange juice, apple juice) | 3.25 | 1.70 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 3.37 | 1.91 | 3 | 1 | 7 | −0.11 | 0.916 |
Carbonated sugar sweetened drinks (e.g., coca cola, Fanta) | 1.85 | 1.27 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.64 | 1.20 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −1.86 | 0.063 |
Diet carbonated drinks, (e.g., diet cola) | 1.46 | 1.06 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.40 | 1.12 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −1.03 | 0.302 |
Tea, herbal tea, and similar—unsweetened | 2.45 | 1.66 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.46 | 1.63 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −0.22 | 0.826 |
Tea, herbal tea, and similar—sweetened (e.g., addition of sugar, honey, etc.) | 2.78 | 1.67 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.76 | 1.77 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −0.37 | 0.713 |
Plain unsweetened milk | 2.32 | 1.51 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.45 | 1.60 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −0.76 | 0.448 |
Plain unsweetened yoghurt or kefir | 1.75 | 1.17 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.56 | 0.88 | 1 | 1 | 6 | −0.94 | 0.349 |
Sweet and flavored yoghurt and fermented milk beverages (e.g., Actimel®, LC1®) | 2.19 | 1.28 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.04 | 1.00 | 2 | 1 | 6 | −0.40 | 0.686 |
Boiled or poached eggs | 2.03 | 1.35 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1.94 | 0.95 | 2 | 1 | 6 | −0.61 | 0.544 |
Sliced cheese | 2.24 | 1.28 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.10 | 1.08 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −0.51 | 0.610 |
Spreadable cheese | 1.97 | 1.12 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1.80 | 0.95 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −0.99 | 0.320 |
Fish, boiled, grilled, oven baked, raw | 1.56 | 0.94 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.42 | 0.84 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −1.40 | 0.162 |
Fish, fried and/or coated | 1.60 | 0.93 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.43 | 0.66 | 1 | 1 | 4 | −1.47 | 0.141 |
Cold cuts and preserved, ready to cook meat product | 2.92 | 1.51 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 3.06 | 1.55 | 3 | 1 | 7 | −0.88 | 0.379 |
Meat, boiled, grilled, oven baked, without coating, not fried | 2.32 | 1.27 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.13 | 1.19 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −1.38 | 0.168 |
Fried meat (beef, pork) | 2.35 | 1.38 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.30 | 1.14 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −0.47 | 0.637 |
Poultry, boiled, grilled, oven baked, without coating not fried | 2.00 | 1.22 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1.93 | 1.03 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 0.00 | 0.998 |
Fried poultry | 2.04 | 1.27 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1.82 | 0.79 | 2 | 1 | 4 | −0.51 | 0.609 |
Butter, margarine on bread | 3.42 | 1.71 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 3.27 | 1.74 | 3 | 1 | 7 | −0.80 | 0.424 |
Nuts and seeds | 2.05 | 1.26 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1.86 | 1.22 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −1.62 | 0.106 |
White bread, white roll, white crispbread | 3.27 | 1.64 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 3.32 | 1.76 | 3 | 1 | 7 | −0.12 | 0.904 |
Whole meal bread, dark roll, dark crispbread | 2.39 | 1.39 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.57 | 1.42 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −1.23 | 0.218 |
Pasta, noodles, rice and other cereals, white, refined | 2.22 | 1.19 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.07 | 1.32 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −1.82 | 0.069 |
Whole meal pasta, noodles, brown rice and other cereals, unrefined | 1.69 | 1.10 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.54 | 0.97 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −1.17 | 0.243 |
Sweetened or sugar added breakfast cereals and sweetened crisp muesli | 2.24 | 1.29 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.12 | 1.40 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −1.33 | 0.183 |
Not homemade hamburger, hot dog, kebab, wrap, falafel, sandwiches | 1.83 | 1.31 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1.64 | 1.26 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −1.53 | 0.127 |
Snacks like crisps, corn crisps, popcorn, etc. | 1.99 | 1.31 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1.80 | 1.23 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −1.48 | 0.140 |
Snacks like candies, loose candies, marshmallow | 2.00 | 1.28 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1.76 | 1.16 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −1.80 | 0.071 |
Snacks like biscuits, packaged cakes, or pastries and puddings | 2.13 | 1.26 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1.96 | 1.07 | 2 | 1 | 7 | −0.88 | 0.377 |
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Bartosiewicz, A.; Łuszczki, E.; Kuchciak, M.; Bobula, G.; Oleksy, Ł.; Stolarczyk, A.; Dereń, K. Children’s Body Mass Index Depending on Dietary Patterns, the Use of Technological Devices, the Internet and Sleep on BMI in Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207492
Bartosiewicz A, Łuszczki E, Kuchciak M, Bobula G, Oleksy Ł, Stolarczyk A, Dereń K. Children’s Body Mass Index Depending on Dietary Patterns, the Use of Technological Devices, the Internet and Sleep on BMI in Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207492
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartosiewicz, Anna, Edyta Łuszczki, Maciej Kuchciak, Gabriel Bobula, Łukasz Oleksy, Artur Stolarczyk, and Katarzyna Dereń. 2020. "Children’s Body Mass Index Depending on Dietary Patterns, the Use of Technological Devices, the Internet and Sleep on BMI in Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207492