Downside: The Perpetrator of Violence in the Representations of Social and Health Professionals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.1.1. The Roots of Violence Inflicted by Men
1.1.2. Social and Health Personnel Facing Gender Violence Perpetrators
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures and Methods
3. Results
3.1. The Representation of the Perpetrator
- Difficulty Expressing Themselves and Their Emotions
- Compulsive Obsessive Traits
- Manipulative Behavior
- Narcissistic Traits
- Low Level of Self-Esteem
- Violence as Fear of the Other
3.2. The Representation of Gender-Based Violence Acted by Perpetrators
- Disbelief Towards Domestic Violence
- Invisibility
3.3. The “Naturalness” of Gender-Based Violence
- Violence as a Patriarchal Male Chauvinist Expression
- Social Silence
- The Literacy of Violence
- The Normality of “Violent Men”
3.4. The Possibility of Change for Gender-Based Violence Perpetrators
- The Perpetrator’s Impossibility to Change
- Fatherhood as an authentic motivation for change
- External and Internal Motivation to Change
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Codes Interview | Age | Gender | Profession | Work Context | Years of Work | Years of Work with Violence Cases | Work with Perpetrator |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I_01 | 38 | F | Psychologist | Private Practice | From 6 to 10 | From 6 to 10 | Yes |
I_02 | 34 | F | Psychologist | Antiviolence Center CAV | From 6 to 11 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_03 | 37 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Antiviolence Center CAV | From 6 to 12 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_04 | 46 | F | Assistant councilor for equal opportunities | Office of Campania Region | From 1 to 15 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_05 | 61 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Center for Violent Men OLV | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_06 | 55 | F | Emergency Doctor (Campania Region) | Hospital | Over 15 | Over 15 | No |
I_07 | 53 | F | Social Worker | Center for Families | Over 15 | From 6 to 10 | Yes |
I_08 | 31 | M | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Private Practice | From 1 to 5 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_09 | 66 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Center for Violent Men OLV | Over 15 | From 6 to 10 | Yes |
I_10 | 49 | M | Official in Department of Equal Opportunities | Office of Campania Region | From 11 to 15 | From 6 to 11 | No |
I_11 | 52 | F | Nurse | Center for Violent Men OLV | Over 15 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_12 | 41 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Antiviolence Center CAV | From 6 to 10 | From 6 to 10 | No |
I_13 | 46 | F | Equal opportunities office manager | Department of Equal Opportunities | From 11 to 15 | From 11 to 15 | Yes |
I_14 | 39 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Antiviolence center CAV | From 11 to 15 | From 6 to 10 | No |
I_15 | 44 | F | Social worker | Services for Minors and Families | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_16 | 42 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Antiviolence Center CAV | Over 15 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_17 | 43 | F | Lawyer | Antiviolence Center CAV | Over 15 | From 1 to 6 | No |
I_18 | 30 | F | Psychologist | AntiviolenceCenter CAV | From 6 to 10 | From 6 to 10 | No |
I_19 | 42 | F | Lawyer | Forensic Association and Antiviolence Center | From 11 to 15 | From 6 to 10 | Yes |
I_20 | 43 | F | Lawyer | Antiviolence center CAV | From 11 to 15 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_21 | 60 | F | Sociologist | Antiviolence center CAV | Over 15 | Over 15 | No |
I_22 | 70 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Private Practice | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_23 | 59 | F | Psychologist | Center for Families | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_24 | 35 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Antiviolence Center CAV | From 6 to 10 | From 6 to 10 | No |
I_25 | 31 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Center for violent men OLV | From 6 to 10 | From 6 to 11 | Yes |
I_26 | 32 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Center for Violent men OLV | From 1 to 5 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_27 | 58 | F | Social worker | Health Consultancy | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_28 | 37 | F | Lawyer | Antiviolence Center CAV | From 6 to 10 | From 6 to 10 | No |
I_29 | 70 | M | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Court of Italy | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_30 | 62 | F | Social worker | Center for Families | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_31 | 57 | F | Psychologist | Center for Families | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_32 | 62 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Center for Violent Men OLV | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_33 | 65 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Local Health Service (ASL) | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_34 | 41 | F | Councilor for Equal Opportunities | Office of Campania Region | Over 15 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_35 | 29 | F | Psychologist | Center for Violent Men OLV | From 1 to 5 | From 1 to 6 | Yes |
I_36 | 55 | F | Psychologist | Center for Violent Men OLV | Over 15 | From 6 to 10 | Yes |
I_37 | 41 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Private Practice | From 6 to 10 | From 1 to 5 | Yes |
I_38 | 46 | F | Lawyer | Court of Naples | From 6 to 11 | From 6 to 10 | No |
I_39 | 56 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Center for Violent Men OLV | Over 15 | From 6 to 10 | Yes |
I_40 | 27 | F | Social worker | Antiviolence Center CAV | From 1 to 5 | From 1 to 5 | Yes |
I_41 | 43 | F | Lawyer | Court of Naples | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_42 | 28 | F | Psychologist | Antiviolence Center CAV | From 1 to 5 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_43 | 38 | F | Psychologist | Social Promotion Association | From 6 to 10 | From 6 to 10 | No |
I_44 | 31 | F | Psychologist | Antiviolence Center CAV | From 1 to 5 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_45 | 35 | F | Psychologist | 6 Private Practice | From 1 to 5 | From 1 to 5 | No |
I_46 | 31 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Center for Violent Men OLV | From 6 to 10 | From 6 to 10 | No |
I_47 | 61 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Health Consultancy | Over 15 | From 6 to 10 | No |
I_48 | 35 | F | Psychologist and Psychotherapist | Antiviolence Center CAV | From 6 to 10 | From 1 to 5 | Yes |
I_49 | 58 | M | Psychologist | Center for Families | Over 15 | Over 15 | Yes |
I_50 | 33 | F | Social Worker | Center for Families | From 1 to 5 | From 1 to 5 | No |
Codes | Categories | Macro-Categories |
---|---|---|
1. Difficulty Thinking about Emotions | - Difficulty Expressing Themselves and Their Emotions | The Representation of the Perpetrator |
2. Man Cannot Manage Emotions | ||
3. Man’s Impulsiveness | ||
4. Man Cannot Manage Conflictual | ||
Relationships | ||
5. Man who Betrays | ||
6. Man’s Vulnerability | ||
7. Drug Addiction | ||
8. Communication Problem | ||
9. Repetitiveness of Man’s Violent Behavior | ||
10. Lack of Empathy as a Defense Mechanism | ||
11. Methods of Releasing Tensions | ||
12.Violence as a Way of Releasing Tensions | ||
13. Man’s Obsessive Personality | ||
14. Perversion of Man | - Compulsive Obsessive Traits | |
15. Man’s Paranoia | ||
16. Sociopathy | ||
17. Man’s Compulsion to Repeat | ||
18. Compulsion of Man | ||
9. Repetitiveness of Man’s Violent Behavior | ||
19. Woman as a Manipulable Object | ||
20. Anguish of Abandonment of Man | ||
21. Man’s Dependence | - Manipulative Behavior | |
22. Constant Search for Confirmation (Man) | ||
23. Jealousy of Man | ||
24. Manipulative Man | ||
25. Abuse of Man | ||
26. Exercise of Power | ||
27. Men who Show Themselves as Blue Princes | ||
28. Denigration of Women | ||
29. Isolation of the Woman | ||
30. Possession of the Woman by the Man | ||
31. Woman Deprived of Liberty | ||
32. Feeling of Possession | ||
33. Overwhelm | ||
34. Man Unable to Manage | ||
Women’s Emancipation | ||
35. Very Controlled Behavior | ||
36. Control Through Taxation | ||
37. Economic Control | ||
38. Control by Man | ||
39. Stalking | ||
40. Violence as a Woman Correction | ||
41. Manipulative Man | ||
42. Emotional Violence | ||
43. Verbal Violence | ||
44. Denigration of Women in the Presence of their Children | ||
45. Code of Violence | ||
46. Man’s Identity Structured on Woman’s Identity | ||
47. Feeling of Possession | ||
48. Very Controlling Behavior | ||
49. Man’s Narcissism | ||
50. Seductive Man | - Narcissistic traits | |
51. Man Reluctant to Treatment | ||
52. Man’s Lack of Empathy | ||
53. Destructive Dynamics | ||
54. Projective Identification | ||
20. Anguish of Abandonment of Man | ||
21. man’s dependence | ||
22. constant search for confirmations (man) | ||
55. discomfort | ||
56. Low self-esteem | - Low level of self-esteem | |
57. Impotence | ||
58. insecurity | ||
59. dissatisfaction | ||
60. weakness | ||
61. feeling of emptiness | ||
62. loneliness | ||
63. fragile man | ||
64. man victim of himself | ||
65. Shame of man | ||
6. man’s vulnerability | ||
66. separation difficulties | ||
67. fusionality | ||
68. Projective identification | ||
46. man’s identity structured on woman’s identity | ||
20. anguish of abandonment of man | ||
21. man addiction | - Violence as fear of the other | |
22. constant search for confirmation (man) | ||
16. sociopathy | ||
66. separation difficulties | ||
67. fusionality | ||
69. danger of loss | ||
70. violence as a family mandate | The Representation of Gender-Based Violence Acted by Perpetrators | |
71. non-admission of violence | ||
72. justification of violence by man | ||
73. unawareness of man | ||
74. it is difficult to accept that violence takes place within the home | - Disbelief towards domestic violence | |
75. social collusion on the man-woman relationship | ||
76. isomorphism between society and violent relationship | ||
77. invisibility of the phenomenon | ||
78. patriarchy | - Invisibility | |
79. woman property of man for culture | ||
80. on a social level, the diagnosis removes responsibility for man | ||
75. social collusion on the man-woman relationship | ||
78. patriarchy | - Violence as a patriarchal male chauvinist expression | The “Naturalness” of Gender-Based Violence |
79. woman property of man for culture | ||
75. social collusion on the man-woman relationship | ||
70. violence as a family mandate | ||
45. Code of violence | ||
81. responsibility of society | ||
82. family of origin that does not support the woman | - Social silence | |
83. silence of the family | ||
75. social collusion on the man-woman relationship | ||
84. woman’s education | ||
85. man’s education | - The literacy of violence | |
86. gender stereotypes | ||
87. intergenerational transmission | ||
70. violence as a family mandate | ||
82. family of origin that does not support the woman | ||
88. insane family of origin | ||
89. families of origin that do not teach empathy | ||
90. lack of release from family of origin | ||
83. silence of the family | ||
79. woman property of man for culture | ||
75. social collusion on the man-woman relationship | ||
91. cultural justification of violence | ||
92. “normality” of violence in the patriarchal culture | ||
83. silence of the family | - The normality of “violent men” | |
93. silence of the society | ||
78. patriarchy | ||
86. gender stereotypes | ||
79. woman property of man for culture | ||
91. cultural justification of violence | ||
45. code of violence | ||
94. man’s lack of empathy towards children | - The perpetrator’s impossibility to change | The Possibility of Change for Gender-Based Violence Perpetrators |
95. man unaware of the harm inflicted on his children | ||
79. woman property of man for culture | ||
80. on a social level, the diagnosis removes responsibility for man | ||
85. man’s education | ||
91. cultural justification of violence | ||
96. men aware of aggression but blame the other | ||
97. fatherhood as a motivation for change | - Fatherhood as an authentic motivation for change | |
98. fatherhood as a motivation for change | - External and internal motivation to change | |
99. fear of man | ||
100. loss of parental authority | ||
101. destruction of ties | ||
102. awareness of man | ||
103. intrinsic motivation | ||
104. achieve personal well-being | ||
105. recognition of pain by man | ||
106. feeling not judged can help man to change | ||
107. avoid punishment (motivation for man to change) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Procentese, F.; Fasanelli, R.; Carnevale, S.; Esposito, C.; Pisapia, N.; Arcidiacono, C.; Napoli, I.D. Downside: The Perpetrator of Violence in the Representations of Social and Health Professionals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197061
Procentese F, Fasanelli R, Carnevale S, Esposito C, Pisapia N, Arcidiacono C, Napoli ID. Downside: The Perpetrator of Violence in the Representations of Social and Health Professionals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197061
Chicago/Turabian StyleProcentese, Fortuna, Roberto Fasanelli, Stefania Carnevale, Ciro Esposito, Noemi Pisapia, Caterina Arcidiacono, and Immacolata Di Napoli. 2020. "Downside: The Perpetrator of Violence in the Representations of Social and Health Professionals" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197061