Safety Climate Perceptions in the Construction Industry of Saudi Arabia: The Current Situation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Xi: Distinct values of row variable arranged in ascending order (X1 < X2 < … < XR),
- Yj: Distinct values of column variable arranged in ascending order (Y1 < Y2 < … < YC),
- fij: Sum of cell weights for cases in cell (i,j),
- cj: , the jth column subtotal,
- ri: , the ith row subtotal,
- W: , the grand total,
- P: is double the number of concordant pairs.
- Q: is double the number of discordant pairs.
- Dr: is double P + Q + X0 (the number of concordant pairs, discordant pairs, and pairs on which the row variable is tied).
- Dc: is double P + Q + Y0 (the number of concordant pairs, discordant pairs, and pairs on which the column variable is tied).
- accordingly, Kendall’s Tau-b correlation coefficient is given by Equation (7):
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Safety Parameters | Project 1 ($97 million) | Project 2 ($26 million) | Project 3 ($27 million) |
---|---|---|---|
Number of Accidents Occurred | 24 | 20 | 11 |
Written Safety Policy | √ | √ | X |
Availability of Competent Safety Teams | √ | √ | √ |
Availability of Safety Instructions and Guidelines | √ | √ | √ |
Availability of Personnel Protective Equipment | √ | √ | √ |
Provision of Safety Education and Training for Employees | √ | √ | √ |
Implementation of Safety Procedures | √ | √ | √ |
Safety Climate Factor * | References | Number of References |
---|---|---|
Management Commitment to Safety | [10,12,15,18,29,30,32,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78] | 44 |
Communication | [12,15,30,42,43,44,46,51,54,55,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,69,76,77,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87] | 29 |
Supervision, Guidance, and Inspection | [18,29,32,43,44,46,47,49,50,53,55,57,58,61,63,65,67,71,72,74,75,80,88,89,90,91] | 26 |
Education and Training | [12,32,44,46,47,52,56,57,58,60,61,62,69,73,75,76,77,82,83,86,92,93,94] | 23 |
Safety Rules, and Procedures | [10,15,32,36,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,53,55,57,58,60,61,69,73,76,79,86] | 23 |
Co-worker Influence | [12,18,29,30,32,42,47,48,50,51,64,71,72,75,79,80,89,90,95] | 19 |
Workers’ Involvement | [10,12,29,30,32,43,45,46,48,50,55,56,58,60,61,62,71] | 17 |
Work Pressure and Intensity | [12,15,43,49,55,56,58,60,61,66,67,69,73,79,80] | 15 |
Worker’s Attitude toward Health and Safety | [10,12,30,43,47,48,50,51,69,73,76,81] | 12 |
Supportive Environment | [43,50,51,55,56,57,60,76,84] | 9 |
Safety Resources | [12,30,32,42,54,57,79] | 7 |
Appraisal of Risk and Hazard | [15,32,43,54,55,58] | 6 |
Competence | [12,15,32,43,51,55] | 6 |
Workers’ Commitment to Safety | [29,51,54,59,84] | 5 |
Adequacy of Safety Procedures | [36,68,70,79,83] | 5 |
Management Safety Justice | [51,54,59,84] | 4 |
Safety Value and Reward System | [53,80,94] | 3 |
Social Security and Health Insurance | [80] | 1 |
Safety Climate Factor | Description | References |
---|---|---|
Management Commitment to Safety | The priority level and care that management dedicate to workers’ safety. | [12,15,43] |
Communication | Effective communication by management and workers’ feedback. | [12,15,43] |
Supervision, Guidance, and Inspection | Assistance and assurance that a safety program is fully implemented on site. | [18,29,43] |
Education and Training | Information, instructions, and learning materials provided to workers on safety. | [58,60,93] |
Safety Rules, and Procedures | Safety rules and procedures set by the organization. | [12,43,58] |
Co-worker Influence | The influence of co-worker’s perceptions/practices on each other in terms of safety aspects. | [12,29,42] |
Workers’ Involvement | Involvement and contribution of workers in safety activities. | [12,15,43] |
Work Pressure and Intensity | The level at which workers feel pressurized to complete a task within a specific deadline. | [15,43,58] |
Worker’s Attitude toward Health and Safety | The perception of the worker towards aspects of health and safety, and the willingness degree to risk taking. | [12,43,47] |
Supportive Environment | An overall safety trust and support between a group of employees. | [43,50,76] |
Safety Resources | Sufficient safety resources allocated by management for the safe conduct of tasks at site. | [12,32,42] |
Appraisal of Risk and Hazard | The ability to assess risks and hazards. | [32,43,55] |
Competence | The general background of workers’ knowledge, training, qualification, and skills. | [15,43,55] |
Workers’ Commitment to Safety | The priority level and care that workers dedicate to their own and others safety on site. | [51] |
Adequacy of Safety Procedures | Content of safety procedures being clear, comprehensive, correct, and reflect actual safety needs. | [70,83] |
Management Safety Justice | The degree of quality to which the management can deal fairly with workers involved in safety accidents. | [51] |
Safety Value and Reward System | Incentives to encourage workers on safe practices and good behavior. | [80] |
Social Security and Health Insurance | Providing workers with legal contracts and medical insurance. | [80] |
Characteristic | Groups | n | % | Characteristic | Groups | n | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 18–20 | 2 | 0.50 | Occupation | Worker | 294 | 73.31 |
21–25 | 51 | 12.72 | Technician | 15 | 3.74 | ||
26–30 | 57 | 14.20 | Supervisor | 50 | 12.50 | ||
31–35 | 89 | 22.20 | Architect | 3 | 0.75 | ||
36–40 | 105 | 26.20 | Engineer | 29 | 7.20 | ||
41–45 | 65 | 16.20 | Manager | 10 | 2.50 | ||
46–50 | 23 | 5.74 | - | - | - | - | |
More than 50 | 9 | 2.24 | Experience (years) | 0–5 | 108 | 26.93 | |
- | - | - | - | 6–10 | 134 | 33.41 | |
Nationality | Sudanese | 3 | 0.75 | 11–15 | 107 | 26.70 | |
Philippine | 3 | 0.75 | 16–20 | 35 | 8.73 | ||
Bangladeshi | 6 | 1.50 | More than 20 | 17 | 4.23 | ||
Somali | 7 | 1.75 | - | - | - | - | |
Syrian | 50 | 12.47 | Trade specialty | Carpenter | 100 | 24.93 | |
Indian | 55 | 13.71 | Blacksmith | 82 | 20.45 | ||
Yemeni | 58 | 14.50 | Bricklaying | 39 | 9.72 | ||
Egyptian | 90 | 22.40 | Painter | 5 | 1.25 | ||
Pakistani | 129 | 32.17 | Plumbing | 34 | 8.50 | ||
- | Cement and concrete | 31 | 7.73 | ||||
Education | Illiterate | 70 | 17.45 | Crane operator | 7 | 1.75 | |
Elementary | 68 | 16.96 | Surveyor | 9 | 2.24 | ||
Intermediate | 73 | 18.20 | Mechanical | 4 | 1.00 | ||
Secondary | 99 | 24.69 | Architecture | 3 | 0.75 | ||
Diploma | 31 | 7.70 | Electrical | 9 | 2.24 | ||
Bachelor | 60 | 15.00 | Administration | 15 | 3.74 | ||
- | - | - | - | Civil | 50 | 12.50 | |
- | - | - | - | Safety and quality control | 13 | 3.20 |
Factor | Level | Mean | Standard Deviation | Rank | Level a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
Supervision, guidance, and inspection | n | 204 | 127 | 63 | 7 | 0 | 4.32 | 0.798 | 1 | 5 | |
% | 50.9 | 31.7 | 15.7 | 1.7 | 0.0 | ||||||
Education and training | n | 206 | 129 | 53 | 11 | 2 | 4.31 | 0.840 | 2 | 5 | |
% | 51.4 | 32.2 | 13.2 | 2.7 | 0.5 | ||||||
Management commitment to safety | n | 186 | 133 | 68 | 12 | 2 | 4.22 | 0.867 | 3 | 5 | |
% | 46.4 | 33.2 | 17.0 | 3.0 | 0.5 | ||||||
Social security and health insurance | n | 184 | 132 | 66 | 16 | 3 | 4.19 | 0.903 | 4 | 4 | |
% | 45.9 | 32.9 | 16.5 | 4.0 | 0.7 | ||||||
Appraisal of risks and hazards | n | 148 | 167 | 68 | 18 | 0 | 4.11 | 0.841 | 5 | 4 | |
% | 36.9 | 41.6 | 17.0 | 4.5 | 0.0 | ||||||
Competence | n | 142 | 168 | 71 | 15 | 5 | 4.06 | 0.889 | 6 | 4 | |
% | 35.4 | 41.9 | 17.7 | 3.7 | 1.2 | ||||||
Workers’ safety commitment | n | 146 | 145 | 83 | 24 | 3 | 4.01 | 0.938 | 7 | 4 | |
% | 36.4 | 36.2 | 20.7 | 6.0 | 0.7 | ||||||
Management safety justice | n | 149 | 127 | 95 | 23 | 7 | 3.97 | 0.998 | 8 | 4 | |
% | 37.2 | 31.7 | 23.7 | 5.7 | 1.7 | ||||||
Safety resources | n | 146 | 136 | 79 | 31 | 9 | 3.95 | 1.035 | 9 | 4 | |
% | 36.4 | 33.9 | 19.7 | 7.7 | 2.2 | ||||||
Work pressure and intensity | n | 87 | 173 | 104 | 32 | 5 | 3.76 | 0.923 | 10 | 4 | |
% | 21.7 | 43.1 | 25.9 | 8.0 | 1.2 | ||||||
Supportive environment | n | 76 | 185 | 109 | 29 | 2 | 3.76 | 0.860 | 11 | 4 | |
% | 19.0 | 46.1 | 27.2 | 7.2 | 0.5 | ||||||
Safety rules and procedures | n | 103 | 143 | 103 | 42 | 10 | 3.72 | 1.039 | 12 | 4 | |
% | 25.7 | 35.7 | 25.7 | 10.5 | 2.5 | ||||||
Safety value and reward system | n | 80 | 148 | 133 | 40 | 0 | 3.67 | 0.907 | 13 | 4 | |
% | 20.0 | 36.9 | 33.2 | 10.0 | 0.0 | ||||||
Adequacy of procedures | n | 70 | 141 | 128 | 46 | 16 | 3.51 | 1.035 | 14 | 4 | |
% | 17.5 | 35.2 | 31.9 | 11.5 | 4.0 | ||||||
Workers’ involvement | n | 53 | 146 | 148 | 50 | 4 | 3.48 | 0.908 | 15 | 4 | |
% | 13.2 | 36.4 | 36.9 | 12.5 | 1.0 | ||||||
Workmate influences | n | 60 | 133 | 136 | 67 | 5 | 3.44 | 0.978 | 6 | 4 | |
% | 15.0 | 33.2 | 33.9 | 16.7 | 1.2 | ||||||
Communication | n | 52 | 145 | 135 | 64 | 5 | 3.44 | 0.950 | 17 | 4 | |
% | 13.0 | 36.2 | 33.7 | 16.0 | 1.2 | ||||||
Workers’ attitude toward health and safety | n | 28 | 159 | 170 | 42 | 2 | 3.42 | 0.790 | 18 | 4 | |
% | 7.0 | 39.7 | 42.4 | 10.5 | 0.5 | ||||||
Weighted Mean | 3.85 | Overall Level | 4 | ||||||||
Standard Deviation | 0.43 |
Safety Climate Ratings | Level | Mean | Standard Deviation | Overall Level a | |||||
5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||||
n | 65 | 202 | 103 | 29 | 2 | 3.75 | 0.831 | 4 | |
% | 16.21 | 50.37 | 25.69 | 7.23 | 0.50 |
Factors Influencing Safety Climate in the Construction Industry of Saudi Arabia | Kendall’s tau-b |
---|---|
Supervision and guidance | 0.208 *** |
Appraisal of risks and hazards | 0.196 *** |
Social security and health insurance | 0.191 *** |
Workmate influences | 0.180 *** |
Management safety justice | 0.181 *** |
Management commitment to safety | 0.173 *** |
Education and training | 0.166 *** |
Communication | 0.160 *** |
Workers’ safety commitment | 0.144 ** |
Workers’ attitude toward health and safety | 0.143 ** |
Workers’ involvement | 0.120 ** |
Supportive environment | 0.125 ** |
Competence | 0.123 ** |
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Mosly, I.; Makki, A.A. Safety Climate Perceptions in the Construction Industry of Saudi Arabia: The Current Situation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186717
Mosly I, Makki AA. Safety Climate Perceptions in the Construction Industry of Saudi Arabia: The Current Situation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186717
Chicago/Turabian StyleMosly, Ibrahim, and Anas A. Makki. 2020. "Safety Climate Perceptions in the Construction Industry of Saudi Arabia: The Current Situation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186717