Physical Activity Changes and Its Risk Factors among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults during the COVID-19 Epidemic: Associations with Subjective Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Participants and Survey Procedures
2.3. Measurement
2.3.1. Social Demographics and Baseline Characteristics
2.3.2. Physical Activity Behavior
2.3.3. Subjective Well-Being
2.3.4. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Selection of Participants
3.2. Social Demographics and Baseline Characteristics
3.3. Changes in Physical Activity before and during COVID-19 Restrictions
3.4. SWB and HRQoL Scores Based on Changes to Physical Activity
3.5. Determinants of Decreased Physical Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics of Participants | Total | Man | Women | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Gender | 165 (100.0) | 50 (30.3) | 115 (69.7) | |
Age | Mean (years) | 78.6 ± 8.0 | 78.8 ± 8.4 | 78.6 ± 7.8 |
65–69 | 21 (12.7) | 9 (18.0) | 12 (10.4) | |
70–74 | 26 (15.8) | 6 (12.0) | 20 (17.4) | |
75–79 | 43 (26.1) | 10 (20.0) | 33 (28.7) | |
80–84 | 37 (22.4) | 9 (18.0) | 28 (24.3) | |
85–89 | 25 (15.2) | 11 (22.0) | 14 (12.2) | |
90 + | 13 (7.9) | 5 (10.0) | 8 (7.0) | |
Health History | None | 24 (14.5) | 8 (16.0) | 16 (13.9) |
Diabetes | 26 (15.8) | 9 (18.0) | 17 (14.8) | |
Hypertension | 84 (50.9) | 23 (46.0) | 61 (53.0) | |
Cardiovascular | 22 (13.3) | 8 (16.0) | 14 (12.2) | |
Cerebrovascular | 28 (17.0) | 16 (32.0) | 12 (10.4) | |
Orthopedic | 76 (78.0) | 17 (34.0) | 59 (51.3) | |
Employment | Present | 9 (5.5) | 3 (6.0) | 6 (5.2) |
Absent | 156 (94.5) | 47 (94.0) | 109 (94.8) | |
Hobby | Present | 78 (47.3) | 25 (50.0) | 53 (46.1) |
Absent | 87 (52.7) | 25 (50.0) | 62 (53.9) | |
Family Structure | Alone | 46 (27.9) | 6 (12.0) | 40 (34.8) |
Elderly couple | 72 (43.6) | 15 (30.0) | 57 (49.6) | |
With family | 47 (28.5) | 9 (58.0) | 18 (15.7) | |
Functional Health | Dependent | 96 (58.2) | 33 (66.0) | 63 (54.8) |
Independent | 69 (41.8) | 17 (34.0) | 52 (45.2) | |
Residential Density | High | 22 (13.3) | 5 (10.0) | 17 (14.8) |
Low | 143 (86.7) | 45 (90.0) | 98 (85.2) | |
Access to shops | Good | 80 (48.5) | 24 (48.0) | 56 (48.7) |
Poor | 85 (51.5) | 26 (52.0) | 59 (51.3) | |
Sidewalks | Present | 101 (61.2) | 31 (62.0) | 70 (60.9) |
Absent | 64 (38.8) | 19 (38.0) | 45 (39.1) |
Variables | Changes in PA Since COVID-19 | Interaction Effect (Group × Time) | Main Effect (Time) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
More Active (n = 38) | Equally Active (n = 49) | Less Active (n = 78) | F Value | p-Value | F Value | p-Value | |
SWB | |||||||
Baseline | 14.8 ± 6.1 | 13.5 ± 5.4 | 14.2 ± 5.1 | 6.98 | <0.01 | 24.9 | <0.01 |
Follow-up | 14.6 ± 5.3 | 13.2 ± 5.6 | 11.7 ± 5.6 a | ||||
HRQoL | |||||||
PCS | |||||||
Baseline | 38.6 ± 12.8 | 35.5 ± 12.5 | 36.9 ± 11.9 | 0.30 | 0.74 | 0.01 | 0.99 |
Follow-up | 39.0 ± 12.1 | 34.9 ± 13.2 | 37.0 ± 11.8 | ||||
MCS | |||||||
Baseline | 53.0 ± 9.6 | 52.4 ± 9.3 | 50.1 ± 10.6 | 0.34 | 0.71 | 17.4 | <0.01 |
Follow-up | 49.0 ± 10.8 | 49.8 ± 9.9 | 47.5 ± 10.7 |
Variables | Changes in PA Since COVID-19 | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
More/Equally Active (n = 87) | Less Active (n = 78) | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
PA at Baseline | ||||||
Transportation | 5.9 ± 8.3 | 8.1 ± 9.0 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 0.10 | ||
Light exercise/sports | 4.6 ± 10.4 | 9.1 ± 12.4 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | <0.01 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.18 |
Moderate or strenuous exercise/sports | 2.4 ± 4.9 | 5.1 ± 7.2 | 1.17 (1.02, 1.23) | <0.01 | 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) | 0.04 |
Resistance exercise/sports | 1.1 ± 2.4 | 2.2 ± 3.3 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.13) | < 0.01 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.30 |
Light housework | 16.0 ± 20.3 | 20.0 ± 20.2 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.22 | ||
Moderate or heavy housework | 10.7 ± 19.1 | 8.3 ± 16.3 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.37 | ||
Labor | 8.4 ± 19.4 | 7.3 ± 19.2 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.67 | ||
SWB at Baseline | 14.7 ± 5.6 | 14.2 ± 5.1 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.55 | ||
HRQoL at Baseline | ||||||
PCS | 36.8 ± 12.6 | 36.9 ± 11.9 | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.57 | ||
MCS | 52.7 ± 10.4 | 50.1 ± 10.6 | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) | 0.03 |
Gender (for woman) | 61 (70.1) | 54 (69.2) | 0.96 (0.49, 1.90) | 0.91 | ||
Age | 78.9 ± 7.3 | 78.3 ± 8.8 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) | 0.46 | ||
Health History | ||||||
Diabetes | 13 (14.9) | 13 (16.7) | 1.14 (0.49, 2.64) | 0.76 | ||
Hypertension | 42 (48.3) | 45 (57.7) | 1.40 (0.75, 2.59) | 0.29 | ||
Cardiovascular | 11 (12.6) | 11 (14.1) | 1.14 (0.46, 2.79) | 0.78 | ||
Cerebrovascular | 18 (20.9) | 10 (13.0) | 0.56 (0.24, 1.31) | 0.12 | ||
Orthopedic | 39 (45.3) | 37 (48.1) | 1.11 (0.60, 2.07) | 0.73 | ||
Employment (for presence) | 4 (4.6) | 5 (6.4) | 1.42 (0.37, 5.50) | 0.61 | ||
Hobby (for presence) | 34 (39.1) | 45 (57.7) | 2.04 (1.09, 3.08) | 0.02 | 1.63 (0.81, 3.30) | 0.17 |
Family Structure | ||||||
Alone | 23 (26.4) | 23 (29.5) | 1.10 (0.55, 2.18) | 0.79 | ||
Elderly couple | 35 (40.2) | 37 (47.4) | 1.35 (0.73, 2.52) | 0.35 | ||
With family | 29 (33.3) | 18 (23.1) | 1.00 | |||
Functional Health (for independent) | 33 (37.9) | 36 (46.2) | 1.41 (0.76, 2.63) | 0.28 | ||
Residential Density (for high) | 9 (10.3) | 13 (16.7) | 1.58 (0.63, 3.98) | 0.33 | ||
Access to Shops (for good) | 44 (50.6) | 36 (46.2) | 0.84 (0.45, 1.55) | 0.57 | ||
Sidewalks (for presence) | 50 (57.5) | 51 (65.4) | 1.40 (0.74, 2.63) | 0.30 |
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Suzuki, Y.; Maeda, N.; Hirado, D.; Shirakawa, T.; Urabe, Y. Physical Activity Changes and Its Risk Factors among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults during the COVID-19 Epidemic: Associations with Subjective Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186591
Suzuki Y, Maeda N, Hirado D, Shirakawa T, Urabe Y. Physical Activity Changes and Its Risk Factors among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults during the COVID-19 Epidemic: Associations with Subjective Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186591
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuzuki, Yuta, Noriaki Maeda, Daigo Hirado, Taizan Shirakawa, and Yukio Urabe. 2020. "Physical Activity Changes and Its Risk Factors among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults during the COVID-19 Epidemic: Associations with Subjective Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186591