Dextromethorphan Attenuates Sensorineural Hearing Loss in an Animal Model and Population-Based Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Noise Exposure
2.2. DXM Application
2.3. Auditory Brainstem Response Recording
2.4. Population-Base Database
2.5. Duration of DXM Use and Sensitivity Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Animal Study
3.2. Population-Based Human Study
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DXM Use | With | Without | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Total | 39,895 | 20.00 | 159,580 | 80.00 | |
Hearing loss | 175 | 0.44 | 1675 | 1.05 | <0.001 |
Variables | |||||
Gender | 0.999 | ||||
Male | 20,121 | 50.43 | 80,484 | 50.43 | |
Female | 19,774 | 49.57 | 79,096 | 49.57 | |
Age (years) | 55.28 ± 26.45 | 54.70 ± 25.51 | <0.001 | ||
Catastrophic illness | 2671 | 6.70 | 12,104 | 7.58 | <0.001 |
DM | 3884 | 9.74 | 16,011 | 10.03 | 0.076 |
HTN | 9112 | 22.84 | 35,142 | 22.02 | <0.001 |
Depression | 1097 | 2.75 | 4048 | 2.54 | 0.016 |
Insomnia | 1845 | 4.62 | 6822 | 4.27 | 0.002 |
Stroke | 2111 | 5.29 | 8705 | 5.45 | 0.197 |
CKD | 4344 | 10.89 | 17,035 | 10.67 | 0.217 |
Hyperlipidaemia | 1184 | 2.97 | 4499 | 2.82 | 0.111 |
Epilepsy | 429 | 1.08 | 1375 | 0.86 | <0.001 |
AID | 3245 | 8.13 | 13,401 | 8.40 | 0.088 |
IHD | 2675 | 6.71 | 12,604 | 7.90 | <0.001 |
COPD | 2973 | 7.45 | 12,801 | 8.02 | <0.001 |
Pneumonia | 5671 | 14.21 | 20,754 | 13.01 | <0.001 |
Head injury | 6881 | 17.25 | 26,279 | 16.47 | <0.001 |
Asthma | 4213 | 10.56 | 17,987 | 11.27 | <0.001 |
Alcohol abuse/dependence | 381 | 0.96 | 1275 | 0.80 | 0.002 |
Tobacco abuse/dependence | 291 | 0.73 | 1248 | 0.78 | 0.282 |
CLD | 4041 | 10.13 | 16,124 | 10.10 | <0.001 |
Parkinson’s disease | 900 | 2.26 | 3251 | 2.04 | 0.006 |
Urbanization level | <0.001 | ||||
1 (The highest) | 12,121 | 30.38 | 44,026 | 27.10 | |
2 | 13,986 | 35.06 | 54,521 | 33.57 | |
3 | 5111 | 12.81 | 20,782 | 12.79 | |
4 (The lowest) | 8677 | 21.75 | 43,101 | 26.54 | |
Level of care | <0.001 | ||||
Hospital center | 14,562 | 36.50 | 46,128 | 28.91 | |
Regional hospital | 15,756 | 39.49 | 65,117 | 40.81 | |
Local hospital | 9577 | 24.01 | 48,335 | 30.29 |
DXM Dose | Population | Events | PYs | Rate (per 105 PYs) | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without | 159,580 | 1675 | 2,012,465.11 | 83.23 | Reference | |||
With | 39,895 | 175 | 513,401.02 | 34.09 | 0.725 | 0.624 | 0.803 | <0.001 |
1–30 days | 8423 | 43 | 114,267.35 | 37.63 | 0.797 | 0.684 | 0.888 | <0.001 |
31–90 days | 19,450 | 88 | 248,640.12 | 35.39 | 0.756 | 0.642 | 0.834 | <0.001 |
≥91 days | 12,022 | 44 | 150,493.55 | 29.24 | 0.622 | 0.531 | 0.697 | <0.001 |
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Chen, H.-C.; Wang, C.-H.; Chien, W.-C.; Chung, C.-H.; Shih, C.-P.; Lin, Y.-C.; Li, I.-H.; Lin, Y.-Y.; Kuo, C.-Y. Dextromethorphan Attenuates Sensorineural Hearing Loss in an Animal Model and Population-Based Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176336
Chen H-C, Wang C-H, Chien W-C, Chung C-H, Shih C-P, Lin Y-C, Li I-H, Lin Y-Y, Kuo C-Y. Dextromethorphan Attenuates Sensorineural Hearing Loss in an Animal Model and Population-Based Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176336
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Hsin-Chien, Chih-Hung Wang, Wu-Chien Chien, Chi-Hsiang Chung, Cheng-Ping Shih, Yi-Chun Lin, I-Hsun Li, Yuan-Yung Lin, and Chao-Yin Kuo. 2020. "Dextromethorphan Attenuates Sensorineural Hearing Loss in an Animal Model and Population-Based Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176336