Associations between Healthcare Resources and Healthy Life Expectancy: A Descriptive Study across Secondary Medical Areas in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
2.1.1. Outcome Variables: Life Expectancy and Healthy Life Expectancy
2.1.2. Explanatory Variable: Healthcare Resources
2.1.3. Confounding Variable: Population Density
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics for Life Expectancy and Healthy Life Expectancy at Birth
3.2. Associations Between Healthcare Resources, Life Expectancy, and Healthy Life Expectancy at Birth
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Males | Females | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | Min | Max | M | SD | Min | Max | |
Life expectancy | 80.62 | 0.87 | 78.30 | 82.79 | 86.87 | 0.62 | 85.05 | 88.36 |
Healthy life expectancy | 79.21 | 0.85 | 76.90 | 81.36 | 83.75 | 0.62 | 81.99 | 85.45 |
Variables | M | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hospital beds (number of beds per 1000 residents) | ||||
Curative (acute) care | 6.06 | 1.77 | 1.57 | 14.19 |
Rehabilitative care | 1.41 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 5.05 |
Long-term care | 3.45 | 2.31 | 0.00 | 17.33 |
Healthcare workforce (number of healthcare providers per 1000 residents) | ||||
Doctors | 2.45 | 0.87 | 1.12 | 11.89 |
Nurses | 9.55 | 2.87 | 3.95 | 19.61 |
Therapists | 1.16 | 0.57 | 0.08 | 4.30 |
Home healthcare service (number of facilities per 1000 residents) | ||||
Support hospital of home healthcare | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
Support clinic of home healthcare | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.35 |
Home-visit care facility | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.47 |
Healthcare expenditure (JPY per capita) | ||||
Hospitalization | 153,129.53 | 31,146.30 | 91,904.53 | 253,059.03 |
Outpatient | 195,347.25 | 17,342.34 | 135,962.50 | 276,722.07 |
Dentistry | 23,966.78 | 2887.87 | 14,294.20 | 32,158.29 |
Variables | Life Expectancy | Healthy Life Expectancy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p Value | df | r | p Value | df | |
Hospital beds (number of beds per 1000 residents) | ||||||
Curative (acute) care | −0.122 | 0.023 | 341 | −0.129 | 0.017 | 341 |
Rehabilitative care | 0.022 | 0.686 | 341 | 0.034 | 0.533 | 341 |
Long-term care | −0.010 | 0.860 | 341 | 0.014 | 0.801 | 341 |
Healthcare workforce (number of healthcare providers per 1000 residents) | ||||||
Doctors | 0.076 | 0.163 | 341 | 0.046 | 0.395 | 341 |
Nurses | −0.046 | 0.396 | 341 | −0.044 | 0.421 | 341 |
Therapists | 0.099 | 0.067 | 341 | 0.115 | 0.033 | 341 |
Home healthcare service (number of facilities per 1000 residents) | ||||||
Support hospital of home healthcare | 0.106 | 0.051 | 341 | 0.106 | 0.049 | 341 |
Support clinic of home healthcare | 0.155 | 0.004 | 341 | 0.154 | 0.004 | 341 |
Home-visit care facility | 0.145 | 0.007 | 341 | 0.134 | 0.013 | 341 |
Healthcare expenditure (JPY per capita) | ||||||
Hospitalization | 0.002 | 0.964 | 341 | 0.004 | 0.940 | 341 |
Outpatient | 0.180 | <0.001 | 341 | 0.176 | 0.001 | 341 |
Dentistry | 0.228 * | <0.001 | 341 | 0.237 * | <0.001 | 341 |
Variables | Life Expectancy | Healthy Life Expectancy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p Value | df | r | p Value | df | |
Hospital beds (number of beds per 1000 residents) | ||||||
Curative (acute) care | 0.040 | 0.460 | 341 | 0.018 | 0.746 | 341 |
Rehabilitative care | 0.126 | 0.019 | 341 | 0.157 | 0.003 | 341 |
Long-term care | 0.068 | 0.208 | 341 | 0.117 | 0.030 | 341 |
Healthcare workforce (number of healthcare providers per 1000 residents) | ||||||
Doctors | 0.220 * | <0.001 | 341 | 0.154 | 0.004 | 341 |
Nurses | 0.119 | 0.027 | 341 | 0.134 | 0.013 | 341 |
Therapists | 0.198 | <0.001 | 341 | 0.242 * | <0.001 | 341 |
Home healthcare service (number of facilities per 1000 residents) | ||||||
Support hospital of home healthcare | 0.182 | <0.001 | 341 | 0.190 | <0.001 | 341 |
Support clinic of home healthcare | 0.226 * | <0.001 | 341 | 0.222 * | <0.001 | 341 |
Home-visit care facility | 0.268 * | <0.001 | 341 | 0.231 * | <0.001 | 341 |
Healthcare expenditure (JPY per capita) | ||||||
Hospitalization | 0.192 | <0.001 | 341 | 0.180 | <0.001 | 341 |
Outpatient | 0.173 | 0.001 | 341 | 0.141 | 0.009 | 341 |
Dentistry | 0.132 | 0.015 | 341 | 0.131 | 0.015 | 341 |
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Hosokawa, R.; Ojima, T.; Myojin, T.; Aida, J.; Kondo, K.; Kondo, N. Associations between Healthcare Resources and Healthy Life Expectancy: A Descriptive Study across Secondary Medical Areas in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176301
Hosokawa R, Ojima T, Myojin T, Aida J, Kondo K, Kondo N. Associations between Healthcare Resources and Healthy Life Expectancy: A Descriptive Study across Secondary Medical Areas in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176301
Chicago/Turabian StyleHosokawa, Rikuya, Toshiyuki Ojima, Tomoya Myojin, Jun Aida, Katsunori Kondo, and Naoki Kondo. 2020. "Associations between Healthcare Resources and Healthy Life Expectancy: A Descriptive Study across Secondary Medical Areas in Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176301