Mineral and Trace Element Analysis of Australian/Queensland Apis mellifera Honey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Elemental Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mineral and Trace Elements Found in Australian Honeys
3.2. Comparison of Mineral and Trace Elements in Honeys of Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Origins
4. Discussions
4.1. Australian Honeys Compared to Global Studies
4.2. Comparison of Honeys of Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Origins
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Mean (mg/kg) a | SD (mg/kg) | Range (mg/kg) b | Median (mg/kg) | LOR (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag | 0.005 | 0 | 0.005–0.005 | 0.005 | <0.01 |
Al | 1.2 | 1.5 | 0.05–14.0 | 0.7 | <0.1 |
As | 0.0026 | 0.001 | 0.0025–0.009 | 0.003 | <0.005 |
B | 4.7 | 2.2 | 1.0–19.0 | 4.3 | <0.04 |
Ba | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.04–1.7 | 0.2 | <0.01 |
Ca | 85.2 | 39.9 | 21–270 | 78.5 | <1.0 |
Cd | 0.0031 | 0.004 | 0.0025–0.053 | 0.003 | <0.005 |
Co | 0.0167 | 0.044 | 0.005–0.48 | 0.005 | <0.01 |
Cr | 0.0077 | 0.007 | 0.005–0.06 | 0.005 | <0.01 |
Cu | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.05–4.8 | 0.1 | <0.05 |
Fe | 3.1 | 8 | 0.2–99.0 | 1.2 | <0.1 |
Hg | 0.0025 | 0 | 0.0025–0.0079 | 0.003 | <0.005 |
K | 965 | 651 | 202–4600 | 800 | <2.0 |
Mg | 28.7 | 19.6 | 6.0–190 | 23.2 | <1.0 |
Mn | 3.8 | 4.1 | 0.38–38.0 | 2.7 | <0.01 |
Mo | 0.0115 | 0.029 | 0.005–0.29 | 0.005 | <0.01 |
Na | 99.7 | 82.5 | 3.7–382.7 | 79.2 | <2.0 |
Ni | 0.0331 | 0.107 | 0.005–1.4 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
P | 51.5 | 67.1 | 12–920 | 42 | <5.0 |
Pb | 0.0286 | 0.074 | 0.0025–0.69 | 0.009 | <0.005 |
Sb | 0.0051 | 0.001 | 0.005–0.01 | 0.005 | <0.01 |
Se | 0.0052 | 0.002 | 0.005–0.03 | 0.005 | <0.01 |
Sn | 0.0331 | 0.049 | 0.025–0.48 | 0.025 | <0.05 |
Sr | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.08–2.3 | 0.3 | <0.01 |
V | 0.0052 | 0.001 | 0.005–0.02 | 0.005 | <0.01 |
Zn | 6 | 16.6 | 0.16–120 | 0.7 | <0.05 |
Element | Blend (n = 62/61) a | Rural (n = 70) | Peri-Urban (n = 20) | Urban (n = 60) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean b (mg/kg) | SD (mg/kg) | Mean b (mg/kg) | SD (mg/kg) | Mean b (mg/kg) | SD (mg/kg) | Mean b (mg/kg) | SD (mg/kg) | |
Ag | <LOR | <LOR | <LOR | <LOR | ||||
Al | 1.211 | 1.4 | 1.180 | 1.2 | 1.564 | 3.2 | 0.8953 | 0.9 |
As | 0.0030 | 0.001 | <LOR | <LOR | <LOR | |||
B | 4.474 | 1.8 | 4.019 | 1.8 | 4.619 | 1.0 | 5.516 | 2.0 |
Ba | 0.3118 | 0.24 | 0.3299 | 0.27 | 0.3340 | 0.32 | 0.2630 | 0.16 |
Ca | 87.42 | 48.8 | 77.37 | 44.4 | 79.85 | 31.8 | 93.22 | 24.4 |
Cd | 0.0027 | 0.001 | 0.0032 | 0.006 | 0.0039 | 0.006 | 0.0029 | 0.004 |
Co | 0.0191 | 0.05 | 0.0231 | 0.06 | 0.0102 | 0.02 | 0.0093 | 0.01 |
Cr | 0.0071 | 0.006 | 0.00700 | 0.005 | 0.0105 | 0.013 | 0.0076 | 0.006 |
Cu | 0.2275 | 0.612 | 0.3104 | 0.429 | 0.1522 | 0.065 | 0.2198 | 0.179 |
Fe | 3.700 | 12.94 | 4.012 | 6.98 | 2.024 | 2.75 | 1.576 | 1.33 |
Hg | <LOR | <LOR | <LOR | 0.0026 | 0.0007 | |||
K | 785.7 | 513 | 990.3 | 877 | 883.8 | 603 | 1155 | 408 |
Mg | 29.10 | 25.0 | 29.29 | 22.0 | 27.49 | 13.5 | 27.80 | 10.4 |
Mn | 4.592 | 4.64 | 4.480 | 5.03 | 3.560 | 1.98 | 2.385 | 2.28 |
Mo | 0.0088 | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.048 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.098 |
Na | 96.26 | 82.40 | 68.91 | 77.4 | 119.9 | 80.4 | 132.9 | 77.8 |
Ni | 0.018 | 0.022 | 0.058 | 0.184 | 0.022 | 0.014 | 0.022 | 0.011 |
P | 55.28 | 112.1 | 50.41 | 50.53 | 41.17 | 12.0 | 51.82 | 13.2 |
Pb | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.045 | 0.118 | 0.029 | 0.046 | 0.025 | 0.044 |
Sb | <LOR | 0.0051 | 0.00084 | <LOR | 0.0052 | 0.0009 | ||
Se | 0.0054 | 0.0032 | 0.0051 | 0.00059 | <LOR | 0.0053 | 0.0011 | |
Sn | <LOR | 0.039 | 0.069 | <LOR | 0.028 | 0.013 | ||
Sr | 0.421 | 0.219 | 0.420 | 0.376 | 0.406 | 0.432 | 0.285 | 0.094 |
V | 0.0051 | 0.0006 | <LOR | 0.0058 | 0.0034 | 0.0052 | 0.0009 | |
Zn | 1.93 | 4.98 | 10.90 | 24.66 | 4.92 | 15.89 | 4.90 | 11.17 |
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Hungerford, N.L.; Tinggi, U.; Tan, B.L.L.; Farrell, M.; Fletcher, M.T. Mineral and Trace Element Analysis of Australian/Queensland Apis mellifera Honey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6304. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176304
Hungerford NL, Tinggi U, Tan BLL, Farrell M, Fletcher MT. Mineral and Trace Element Analysis of Australian/Queensland Apis mellifera Honey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6304. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176304
Chicago/Turabian StyleHungerford, Natasha L., Ujang Tinggi, Benjamin L. L. Tan, Madeleine Farrell, and Mary T. Fletcher. 2020. "Mineral and Trace Element Analysis of Australian/Queensland Apis mellifera Honey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6304. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176304