Personality as a Resource for Labor Market Participation among Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Employment Status
2.2.2. Chronic Health Conditions
2.2.3. Personality
2.2.4. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Personality Facets and Employment Status: Disease-Generic Analysis
3.3. Personality Facets and Employment Status: Disease-Specific Analyses
3.4. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Personality Domain and Facet Traits | Definition of High Score | Expected Association on Employment Status |
---|---|---|
Neuroticism | Prone to negative emotions and pessimism | |
Anger-hostility | Angry, irritable, frustrated, and bitter | − |
Self-consciousness | Prone to shame, embarrassment, and feeling uncomfortable and inferior in company | − |
Impulsivity | Inability to control cravings and urges | − |
Vulnerability | Dependent, hopeless and panicky when stressed | − |
Extraversion | Sociability, energy and optimism | |
Excitement seeking | Search for new experiences and feelings | + |
Conscientiousness | Organized, planful, and self-disciplined | |
Competence | Capable, sensible, prudent, and effective | + |
Self-discipline | Task focus, perseverance, and self-control | + |
Deliberation | Cautious, deliberate, and considerate | + |
Characteristics | Total Sample N = 21,173 | Employed N = 14,915 | Non-Employed N = 6258 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 46.4 (10.0) | 45.0 (9.2) | 49.8 (11.2) | <0.001 |
Gender, female, % | 65.5 | 39.4 | 77.0 | <0.001 |
Living together, % | 79.9 | 80.8 | 77.5 | <0.001 |
Educational level, % | ||||
High | 24.8 | 29.1 | 14.6 | |
Medium | 38.8 | 41.6 | 32.2 | <0.001 |
Low | 36.4 | 29.4 | 53.3 | |
Personality facets, mean (SD) | ||||
Anger-hostility | 19.9 (4.6) | 19.6 (4.5) | 20.4 (4.7) | <0.001 |
Self-consciousness | 20.3 (5.0) | 20.0 (4.9) | 21.1 (5.2) | <0.001 |
Impulsivity | 22.8 (4.0) | 22.8 (4.0) | 22.6 (4.0) | 0.002 |
Vulnerability | 19.5 (4.7) | 19.0 (4.5) | 20.7 (5.0) | <0.001 |
Excitement seeking | 21.3 (4.6) | 21.8 (4.5) | 20.3 (4.5) | <0.001 |
Competence | 28.9 (3.7) | 29.3 (3.6) | 27.8 (3.8) | <0.001 |
Self-discipline | 28.5 (4.7) | 28.9 (4.5) | 27.6 (5.0) | <0.001 |
Deliberation | 27.9 (4.4) | 27.9 (4.3) | 27.7 (4.5) | <0.001 |
Multi-morbidity, % | ||||
No | 79.8 | 83.3 | 71.5 | <0.001 |
Yes | 20.2 | 16.7 | 28.5 | |
Chronic diseases, % | ||||
Cancer | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 0.914 |
T2DM | 4.9 | 4.0 | 7.0 | <0.001 |
Depression | 39.2 | 37.7 | 42.8 | <0.001 |
Anxiety disorder | 12.6 | 12.0 | 13.8 | 0.001 |
Heart disease | 5.9 | 5.4 | 7.0 | <0.001 |
COPD | 19.1 | 20.0 | 17.0 | <0.001 |
Musculoskeletal disorder | 28.5 | 26.1 | 34.1 | <0.001 |
Characteristictics | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|
Age | 0.95 (0.95, 0.95) *** |
Gender | |
Female | Ref |
Male | 2.25 (2.08, 2.42) *** |
Marital status | |
Living together | Ref |
Not living together | 0.69 (0.63, 0.75) *** |
Educational level | |
High | Ref |
Medium | 0.68 (0.62, 0.75) *** |
Low | 0.36 (0.33, 0.39) *** |
Personality facets | |
Anger-hostility | 0.97 (0.97, 0.98) *** |
Self-consciousness | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) ** |
Impulsivity | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) *** |
Vulnerability | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) *** |
Excitement seeking | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) *** |
Competence | 1.08 (1.07, 1.10) *** |
Self-discipline | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) *** |
Deliberation | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) *** |
Characteristics | Cancer N = 2931 | T2DM N = 1043 | Depression N = 8299 | Anxiety Disorder N = 2658 | Heart Disease N = 1246 | COPD N = 4043 | Musculoskeletal Disorder N = 6026 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.92 (0.91, 0.93) *** | 0.92 (0.90, 0.94) *** | 0.97 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) *** | 0.90 (0.89, 0.92) *** | 0.95 (0.94, 0.96) *** | 0.92 (0.91, 0.93) *** |
Gender | |||||||
Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Male | 2.60 (2.06, 3.27) *** | 2.51 (1.85, 3.40) *** | 1.87 (1.66, 2.11) *** | 2.25 (1.81, 2.80) *** | 2.26 (1.68, 3.03) *** | 2.68 (2.25, 3.20) *** | 2.61 (2.26, 3.00) *** |
Marital status | |||||||
Living together | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Not living together | 0.96 (0.75, 1.23) | 0.66 (0.45, 0.95) * | 0.63 (0.56, 0.70) *** | 0.70 (0.57, 0.85) ** | 0.78 (0.55, 1.11) | 0.61 (0.50, 0.73) *** | 0.69 (0.58, 0.81) ** |
Educational level | |||||||
High | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Medium | 0.79 (0.61, 1.01) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.09) | 0.62 (0.54, 0.71) *** | 0.64 (0.50, 0.81) ** | 0.86 (0.58, 1.27) | 0.72 (0.57, 0.91) ** | 0.72 (0.60, 0.86) *** |
Low | 0.33 (0.26, 0.42) *** | 0.38 (0.25, 0.58) *** | 0.34 (0.29, 0.39) *** | 0.33 (0.26, 0.43) *** | 0.69 (0.48, 0.98) * | 0.38 (0.30, 0.48) *** | 0.39 (0.33, 0.46) *** |
Personality facets | |||||||
Anger-hostility | 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) ** | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) ** | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) ** | 0.98 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) ** | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) ** |
Self-consciousness | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) * | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) ** | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) * |
Impulsivity | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) * | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) *** | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) ** | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) *** | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) *** |
Vulnerability | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) * | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) * | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) * |
Excitement seeking | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) * | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) ** | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) * |
Competence | 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) *** | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) *** | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) *** | 1.09 (1.03, 1.16) ** | 1.12 (1.08, 1.16) *** | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) *** |
Self-discipline | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) ** | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) *** | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06) ** | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) ** | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06) ** | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) *** |
Deliberation | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) * | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) *** | 0.97 (0.95, 1.00) * | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.95, 1.00) * | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) *** |
Personality Factor and Facet Traits | Expected Association with Work Status | Overall | Cancer | T2DM | Depression | Anxiety | Heart Disease | COPD | MSD | Total across CHCs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neuroticism | Prone to negative emotions and pessimism | ||||||||||
Anger-hostility | Angry, irritable, frustrated, and bitter | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 5 | ||
Self-consciousness | Prone to shame, embarrassment, and feeling uncomfortable and inferior in company | − | + | + | 1 | ||||||
Impulsivity | Inability to control cravings and urges | − | + | + | + | + | + | 4 | |||
Vulnerability | Dependent, hopeless and panicky when stressed | − | − | 0 | |||||||
Extraversion | Sociability, energy and optimism | ||||||||||
Excitement seeking | Search for new experiences and feelings | + | + | + | 1 | ||||||
Conscientiousness | Organized, planful, and self-disciplined | ||||||||||
Competence | Capable, sensible, prudent, and effective | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | 6 | |
Self-discipline | Task focus, perseverance, and self-control | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | 5 | ||
Deliberation | Cautious, deliberate, and considerate | + | − | − | - | 2 | |||||
Total within specific CHCs | 8 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 |
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Brouwer, S.; van Zon, S.K.R.; Bültmann, U.; Riese, H.; Jeronimus, B.F. Personality as a Resource for Labor Market Participation among Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176240
Brouwer S, van Zon SKR, Bültmann U, Riese H, Jeronimus BF. Personality as a Resource for Labor Market Participation among Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176240
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrouwer, Sandra, Sander K. R. van Zon, Ute Bültmann, Harriëtte Riese, and Bertus F. Jeronimus. 2020. "Personality as a Resource for Labor Market Participation among Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176240