Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Procedures and Temporalisation.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Muscular Strength
4.2. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1
4.3. Cognitive State (Mini-Mental State Examination)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area | PM10 µg/m3 | PM2.5 µg/m3 | NO2 µg/m3 | O3 µg/m3 | SO2 µg/m3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pudahuel | 67.5 | 29.2 | 38.7 | 26.8 | NI |
Viña del Mar | 34.3 | 12.8 | NI | NI | NI |
Chile | 50 ** | 20 ** | 100 ** | 120 * | 60 ** |
WHO | 20 ** | 10 ** | 40 ** | 100 * | 20/24 h |
Weeks | 0 | 1–17 | 18–34 | 35–51 | 52–68 | 63–85 | 86–101 | 102 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intensity | 1RM 30–40% | 1RM 35–40% | 1 RM 40–45% | 1RM 40–45% | 1RM 45–50% | 1RM 50–55% | |||||||
Benchpress | Pre-test ¥ | 1–2 set; 6–8 rep 30–60 s * | Control test 1 ¥ | 2–3 set; 6–8 rep 30–60 s * | Control test 2 ¥ | 2–4 set; 5–7 rep 1–2 min * | Control test 3 ¥ | 3–4 set; 4–6 rep 2–3 min * | Control test 4 ¥ | 2–3 set; 3–5 rep 3–4 min * | Control test 5 ¥ | 2–3 set; 2–4 rep 3–4 min * | Post-test ¥ |
Bicepscurl | 1–2 set; 6–8 rep 30–60 s * | 2–3 set; 6–8 rep 30–60 s * | 2–4 set; 5–7 rep 1–2 min * | 3–4 set; 4–6 rep 2–3 min * | 2–3 set; 3–5 rep 3–4 min * | 2–3 set; 2–4 rep 3–4 min * | |||||||
Tricepsextension | 1–2 set; 6–8 rep 30–60 s * | 2–3 set; 6–8 rep 30–60 s * | 2–4 set; 4–6 rep 1–2 min * | 3–4 set; 4–6 rep 2–3 min * | 2–3 set; 3–5 rep 3–4 min * | 2–3 set; 2–4 rep 3–4 min * | |||||||
Legpress | 1–2 set; 5–7 rep 30–60 s * | 2–3 set; 5–7 rep 30–60 s * | 2–4 set; 4–6 rep 1–2 min * | 3–4 set; 3–5 rep 2–3 min * | 2–3 set; 2–4 rep 3–4 min * | 2–3 set; 2–3 rep 3–4 min * | |||||||
Legextension | 1–2 set; 5–7 rep 30–60 s * | 2–3 set; 5–7 rep 30–60 s * | 2–4 set; 4–6 rep 1–2 min * | 3–4 set; 3–5 rep 2–3 min * | 2–3 set; 2–4 rep 3–4 min * | 2–3 set; 2–3 rep 3–4 min * | |||||||
Legcurl | 1–2 set; 4–6 rep 30–60 s * | 2–3 set; 4–5 rep 30–60 s * | 2–4 set; 3–4 rep 1–2 min * | 3–4 set; 2–4 rep 2–3 min * | 2–3 set; 2–3 rep 3–4 min * | 2–3 set; 1–2 rep 3–4 min * |
Variables | Active Clean (n = 38) | Active Pollution (n = 37) | Sedentary Clean (n = 40) | Sedentary Pollution (n = 42) | Intergroup Comparisons § | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SE | CI (95%) | M ± SE | CI (95%) | M ± SE | CI (95%) | M ± SE | CI (95%) | F | p Value | PartialEta2 | |
Chest Press (Kg) | 13.5 ± 0.35 | (12.8–14.2) | 14.1 ± 0.36 | (13.3–14.8) | 12.9 ± 0.34 | (12.3–13.7) | 13.7 ± 0.34 | (13.1–14.4) | 1.68 | 0.174 | 0.032 |
Leg Press (Kg) | 45.5 ± 0.68 | (44.2–46.9) | 44.3 ± 0.70 | (42.9–45.7) | 43.7 ± 0.66 | (42.4–45.1) | 45.1 ± 0.64 | (43.9–46.4) | 1.53 | 0.210 | 0.029 |
IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 86.9 ± 3.89 | (79.2–94.6) | 84.7 ± 4.00 | (76.9–92.8) | 84.3 ± 3.80 | (76.8–91.8) | 85.6 ± 3.70 | (78.3–92.9) | 0.084 | 0.968 | 0.002 |
MMSE | 22.2 ± 0.3 | (21.6–22.7) | 22.2 ± 0.31 | (21.6–22.9) | 21.8 ± 0.29 | (21.1–22.7) | 22.6 ±0.29 | (22.1–23.2) | 1.87 | 0.136 | 0.036 |
Variables | Active Clean (n = 38) | Active Pollution (n = 37) | Sedentary Clean (n = 40) | Sedentary Pollution (n = 42) | Intergroup Comparisons § | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SE | CI (95%) | M ± SE | CI (95%) | M ± SE | CI (95%) | M ± SE | CI (95%) | F | p Value | PartialEta2 | |
Chest Press (Kg) | 15.6 ± 0.43 a,b | (14.8–16.4) | 14.7 ± 0.44 c,d | (13.8–15.6) | 13.1 ± 0.41 a,c | (12.2–13.9) | 12.4 ± 0.41 b,d | (11.6–13.2) | 12.42 | 0.000 | 0.197 |
Leg Press (Kg) | 47.9 ± 0.73 a,b | (46.5–49.4) | 45.7 ± 0.75 c | (44.2–47.2) | 43.3 ± 0.71 a | (41.9–44.7) | 42.7 ± 0.69 b,c | (41.4–44.1) | 11.11 | 0.000 | 0.180 |
IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 91.6 ± 3.7 | (69.8–113.3) | 88.2 ± 3.8 | (65.9–110.6) | 83.7 ± 3.6 | (76.5–90.9) | 83.2 ± 3.5 | (62.5–103.8) | 1.173 | 0.322 | 0.023 |
MMSE | 23.9 ± 0.29 a,b,c | (23.4–24.5) | 22.7 ± 0.3 a,d | (22.1–23.3) | 22.3 ± 0.28 b,e | (21.7–22.8) | 21.1 ± 0.27 c,d,e | (20.5–21.6) | 18.39 | 0.000 | 0.266 |
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Molina-Sotomayor, E.; Castillo-Quezada, H.; Martínez-Salazar, C.; González-Orb, M.; Espinoza-Salinas, A.; Gonzalez-Jurado, J.A. Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176203
Molina-Sotomayor E, Castillo-Quezada H, Martínez-Salazar C, González-Orb M, Espinoza-Salinas A, Gonzalez-Jurado JA. Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176203
Chicago/Turabian StyleMolina-Sotomayor, Edgardo, Humberto Castillo-Quezada, Cristian Martínez-Salazar, Marcelo González-Orb, Alexis Espinoza-Salinas, and Jose Antonio Gonzalez-Jurado. 2020. "Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176203