Unplanned Absenteeism: The Role of Workplace and Non-Workplace Stressors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Predictors of Those Taking MC, Taking EL, Those Taking MC and EL, and Those neither Take MC nor EL
3.3. Predictors of Durations in Days of MC and EL among Those Who Ever Took MC and EL
3.4. Predictors of Frequency of MC and EL among Those Who Ever Took MC and EL
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables, n = 697 | Min. | Max. | n (%) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, in years | 20 | 59 | 34.67 (8.148) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 19 (2.73) | |||
Female | 678 (97.27) | |||
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 100 (14.35) | |||
Married | 581 (83.36) | |||
Separated/Divorced/Others | 16 (2.30) | |||
No. of Children | 0 | 7 | 1.84 (1.516) | |
None | 176 (25.25) | |||
At least one child | 521 (74.75) | |||
Body Mass Index (BMI), in kg/m2 | 25.79 (5.508) | |||
Underweight (<18.50 kg/m2) | 32 (4.59) | |||
Normal (18.50 to 24.99 kg/m2) | 321 (46.05) | |||
Overweight (25.00 to 29.99 kg/m2) | 205 (29.41) | |||
Obese (30.00 kg/m2 and above) | 139 (19.94) | |||
Other Comorbid | ||||
Having hypertension | 53 (7.60) | |||
Having diabetes mellitus | 34 (4.88) |
Variables, n = 697 | Min. | Max. | n (%) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Workplace | ||||
Hospital | 448 (64.28) | |||
Public Health and Primary Healthcare | 249 (35.72) | |||
Work tenure as nurse, in years | 11.42 (7.591) | |||
Position | ||||
Community Nurse | 162 (23.24) | |||
Staff Nurse/Midwife | 428 (61.41) | |||
Sister a | 90 (12.91) | |||
Matron b | 17 (2.44) | |||
Work Schedule | ||||
Non-Shift Work | 248 (35.58) | |||
Shift Work | 449 (64.42) |
Variables, n = 697 | n (%) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
STRESS STATUS | 25.69 (20.836) | |
Non-stress (Score less than 36) | 501 (71.88) | |
Stress (Score 36 and above) | 196 (28.12) | |
NON-WORKPLACE STRESSOR | 5.90 (5.497) | |
Not enough money | 0.68 (0.796) | |
Conflicts with spouse | 0.48 (0.693) | |
Conflicts over household tasks | 0.48 (0.682) | |
Conflicts with children | 0.36 (0.598) | |
Pressure from relatives | 0.44 (0.713) | |
Fixing up of house | 0.43 (0.681) | |
No time with family | 1.08 (0.966) | |
Sexual conflicts | 0.21 (0.513) | |
Dangerous surroundings | 0.42 (0.663) | |
Conflict with close friends | 0.40 (0.603) | |
Personal problems cause strain | 0.40 (0.636) | |
No babysitter | 0.51 (0.797) | |
WORKPLACE STRESSOR | 25.92 (13.549) | |
Workload | 8.39 (3.640) | |
Death and dying | 4.39 (3.831) | |
Inadequate preparation | 1.80 (1.572) | |
Lack of staff support | 2.11 (1.908) | |
Uncertainty concerning treatment | 3.19 (2.429) | |
Conflict with doctors | 3.22 (2.552) | |
Conflict with other nurses | 2.81 (2.453) |
Variables, n = 697 | Medically-Certified Leave (MC) | Emergency Leave (EL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Min. | Max. | Mean (SD) | n (%) | Min. | Max. | Mean (SD) | |
Prevalence | ||||||||
Never taken | 355 (50.93) | 360 (51.65) | ||||||
Ever taken | 342 (49.07) | 337 (48.35) | ||||||
Duration in days of taking leave a | 1 | 140 | 4.24 (10.355) | 1 | 16 | 2.39 (1.966) | ||
Frequency of taking leave a | 1 | 25 | 1.80 (1.593) | 1 | 8 | 1.92 (1.272) |
Variables | n (%) | No. of Leave Days for Each Reason | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean (SD) | Total | ||
MEDICALLY-CERTIFIED LEAVE (MC) b | |||||
Unspecified fever | 134 (39.18) | 1 | 4 | 1.54 (0.732) | 206 |
Non-specified | 42 (12.28) | 1 | 33 | 3.17 (5.231) | 133 |
Upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis | 33 (9.65) | 1 | 9 | 2.00 (1.581) | 66 |
AGE, food poisoning | 29 (8.48) | 1 | 4 | 1.38 (0.820) | 40 |
Dizziness, headache, vertigo, migraine | 29 (8.48) | 1 | 4 | 1.72 (0.751) | 50 |
Unspecified symptoms (ache, cough) | 26 (7.60) | 1 | 5 | 1.73 (1.079) | 45 |
Tooth-related pain and procedure | 23 (6.73) | 1 | 5 | 1.65 (1.027) | 38 |
Eye-related (e.g., conjunctivitis) | 18 (5.26) | 1 | 5 | 2.44 (1.338) | 44 |
Trauma-related (fracture, tissue injury) | 16 (4.68) | 1 | 60 | 8.25 (15.159) | 132 |
Medical appointment/procedure | 15 (4.29) | 1 | 4 | 1.80 (1.014) | 27 |
Others (otitis, pneumonia, burn, allergy) | 12 (3.51) | 1 | 10 | 3.33 (2.964) | 40 |
Surgery (I&D, laparotomy, TAHBSO) | 11 (3.22) | 10 | 140 | 39.45 (38.816) | 434 |
AEBA | 10 (2.92) | 1 | 7 | 2.50 (2.121) | 25 |
CVS-related (ACS, hypertension, stroke) | 8 (2.34) | 1 | 30 | 5.75 (9.867) | 46 |
MSD (CTS, PID, backache) | 7 (2.05) | 1 | 16 | 4.71 (5.499) | 33 |
Viral fever, dengue fever | 7 (2.05) | 1 | 7 | 3.71 (2.498) | 26 |
GERD, gastritis | 5 (1.46) | 1 | 3 | 2.00 (1.000) | 10 |
Urinary tract infection | 4 (1.17) | 1 | 7 | 3.25 (2.630) | 13 |
Menstrual-related | 3 (0.88) | 1 | 1 | 1.00 (0.000) | 3 |
Child sickness | 2 (0.58) | 5 | 6 | 5.50 (0.707) | 11 |
EMERGENCY LEAVE (EL) c | |||||
Child sickness | 175 (51.93) | 1 | 16 | 2.23 (1.789) | 390 |
Sick family members or relatives | 61 (18.10) | 1 | 7 | 2.18 (1.658) | 133 |
Death of family members | 53 (15.73) | 1 | 5 | 1.51 (0.993) | 80 |
Unspecified reasons | 35 (10.39) | 1 | 5 | 1.71 (1.073) | 60 |
Child matters except sickness | 31 (9.20) | 1 | 3 | 1.35 (0.709) | 42 |
Self-certified health problem | 21 (6.23) | 1 | 3 | 1.33 (0.658) | 28 |
Unspecified family- or self-related matters | 16 (4.75) | 1 | 3 | 1.38 (0.719) | 22 |
Vehicle problem or MVA | 9 (2.67) | 1 | 1 | 1.00 (0.000) | 9 |
Medical appointment | 1 (0.30) | 1 | 1 | 1.00 (0.000) | 1 |
Others | 1 (0.30) | 1 | 1 | 1.00 (0.000) | 1 |
Variables, n = 697 | Exp (B) (95% CI) a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
MC b | EL c | MC + EL d | None e | |
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC | ||||
Age | 1.029 (1.004, 1.056) | |||
Marital status (Ref. = ever married) | 0.252 (0.135, 0.473) | 2.193 (1.404, 3.425) | ||
Having children (Ref. = have children) | 2.120 (1.323, 3.395) | 0.414 (0.238, 0.718) | ||
BMI (Ref. = overweight/obese) | ||||
OCCUPATIONAL | ||||
Workplace (Ref. = hospital) | 1.696 (1.195, 2.407) | 0.625 (0.432, 0.905) | ||
Work schedule (Ref. = non-shift) | ||||
STRESS STATUS (Ref. = yes) | ||||
NON-WORKPLACE STRESSOR | ||||
Not enough money | ||||
Conflicts with spouse | ||||
Conflicts over household tasks | ||||
Conflicts with children | ||||
Pressure from relatives | 1.658 (1.228, 2.239) | 0.687 (0.516, 0.916) | ||
Fixing up of house | ||||
No time with family | ||||
Sexual conflicts | ||||
Dangerous surrounding | 0.712 (0.542, 0.936) | |||
Conflict with close friends | 1.394 (1.007, 1.928) | |||
Personal problems cause strain | ||||
No babysitter | ||||
WORKPLACE STRESSOR | ||||
Workload | ||||
Death and dying | 0.921 (0.875, 0.969) | |||
Inadequate preparation | 0.754 (0.644, 0.820) | 1.210 (1.082, 1.353) | ||
Lack of staff support | ||||
Uncertainty concerning treatment | ||||
Conflict with doctors | ||||
Conflict with other nurses |
Variables | Adj.b (95% CI) a | |
---|---|---|
Duration of MC among Those Ever Took MC (n = 342) b | Duration of EL among Those Ever Took EL (n = 337) c | |
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE | ||
Age | ||
Marital status (0 = never married; 1 = ever married) | ||
Having children (0 = no children; 1 = have children) | 0.781 (0.242, 1.320) | |
Body mass index (0 = underweight/normal; 1 = overweight/obese) | 0.417 (0.019, 0.816) | |
OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE | ||
Workplace (0 = non-hospital; 1 = hospital) | 3.411 (0.721, 6.101) | |
Work schedule (0 = shift; 1 = non-shift) | 0.463 (0.039, 0.888) | |
STRESS STATUS (0 = no; 1 = yes) | ||
NON-WORKPLACE STRESSOR | ||
Not enough money | ||
Conflicts with spouse | 0.536 (0.184, 0.888) | |
Conflicts over household task | ||
Conflicts with children | ||
Pressure from relatives | ||
Fixing up of house | ||
No time with family | ||
Sexual conflict | −0.435 (−0.848, −0.022) | |
Dangerous surrounding | ||
Conflict with close friends | ||
Personal problem cause strain | ||
No babysitter | 0.440 (0.166, 0.714) | |
WORKPLACE STRESSOR | ||
Workload | ||
Death and dying | ||
Inadequate preparation | −1.065 (−1.849, −0.282) | 0.257 (0.104, 0.409) |
Lack of staff support | −0.190 (−0.322, −0.059) | |
Uncertainty concerning treatment | ||
Conflict with doctors | 0.491 (0.000, 0.982) | −0.112 (−0.220, −0.003) |
Conflict with other nurses |
Adj.b (95% CI) a | ||
---|---|---|
Variables, n = 337 | Frequency of MC among Those Ever Took MC (n = 342) b | Frequency of EL among Those Ever Took EL (n = 337) c |
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE | ||
Age | −0.024 (−0.042, −0.006) | |
Marital status (0 = never married; 1 = ever married) | ||
Having children (0 = no children; 1 = have children) | 0.601 (0.210, 0.991) | 0.521 (0.161, 0.881) |
OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE | ||
Body mass index (0 = underweight/normal; 1 = overweight/obese) | 0.385 (0.121, 0.648) | |
Workplace (0 = non-hospital; 1 = hospital) | −0.327 (−0.594, −0.060) | |
Work schedule (0 = shift; 1 = non-shift) | ||
STRESS STATUS (0 = no; 1 = yes) | −0.368 (−0.661, −0.076) | |
NON-WORKPLACE STRESSOR | ||
Not enough money | −0.334 (−0.523, −0.145) | |
Conflicts with spouse | 0.383 (0.157, 0.610) | |
Conflicts over household task | −0.261 (−0.519, −0.002) | |
Conflicts with children | ||
Pressure from relatives | 0.207 (0.015, 0.398) | |
Fixing up of house | ||
No time with family | 0.257 (0.066, 0.448) | |
Sexual conflict | ||
Dangerous surrounding | 0.734 (0.438, 1.031) | |
Conflict with close friends | −0.467 (−0.779, −0.154) | |
Personal problem cause strain | ||
No babysitter | ||
WORKPLACE STRESSOR | ||
Workload | ||
Death and dying | 0.051 (0.004, 0.099) | |
Inadequate preparation | 0.090 (0.006, 0.173) | |
Lack of staff support | ||
Uncertainty concerning treatment | ||
Conflict with doctors | ||
Conflict with other nurses |
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Share and Cite
Mat Saruan, N.A.; Mohd Yusoff, H.; Mohd Fauzi, M.F.; Wan Puteh, S.E.; Muhamad Robat, R. Unplanned Absenteeism: The Role of Workplace and Non-Workplace Stressors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176132
Mat Saruan NA, Mohd Yusoff H, Mohd Fauzi MF, Wan Puteh SE, Muhamad Robat R. Unplanned Absenteeism: The Role of Workplace and Non-Workplace Stressors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176132
Chicago/Turabian StyleMat Saruan, Nur Adibah, Hanizah Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Fadhli Mohd Fauzi, Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh, and Rosnawati Muhamad Robat. 2020. "Unplanned Absenteeism: The Role of Workplace and Non-Workplace Stressors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176132