Assessment of Radiation Dose from the Consumption of Bottled Drinking Water in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Chemical Characteristics of Bottled Water
2.2. Radionuclide Determination
2.2.1. Tritium and Carbon-14 Determination
2.2.2. Radon Determination
2.2.3. Potassium and Caesium Determination
2.2.4. Uranium Determination
2.2.5. Radium Determination
2.2.6. Polonium and Lead Determination
2.3. Determination of the Annual Effective Ingestion Doses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. pH and Water Hardness
3.2. Radionuclide Activity Concentrations
3.2.1. Polonium and Lead activity Concentrations
3.2.2. Radium Isotope Activity Concentrations
3.2.3. Uranium Isotope Activity Concentrations
3.2.4. Comparison of Activity Concentrations in Bottled Mineral Waters for Sale in Other Countries
3.3. Dose Assessment of the Maximum Annual Effective Ingestion Doses from Bottled Water
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Radionuclide | Preparation | Analytical Techniques |
---|---|---|
3H, 14C | 8:12 mL water:/Ultima Gold ™ LLT 7:1:12 mL water/spike/Ultima Gold ™ LLT | Liquid scintillation counting |
222Rn | 8:12 mL water/organic scintillation cocktail | Liquid scintillation counting |
40K, 134Cs, 137Cs | 500 mL Marinelli | Direct counting on HPGe |
40K | Acidified | ICP–MS (evaluated from stable potassium to 40K) |
210Po | 500 mL water, acidified, spontaneous deposition | Alpha spectrometry |
210Pb | 500 mL water, acidified, spontaneous deposition (after 6 months) | Alpha spectrometry |
226Ra, 228Ra | 1 to 4 L water, barium co-precipitation method, stored for one month prior to measurement | Gamma spectrometry (HPGe) |
234U, 235U, 238U | Acidified | ICP–MS (evaluated from total uranium) |
Isotope | Dose Coefficient (nSv/Bq) |
---|---|
222Rn [31] 1 | 3.5 × 100 |
3H | 1.8 × 10−2 |
14C | 5.8 × 10−1 |
134Cs | 1.9 × 101 |
137Cs | 1.3 × 101 |
210Po | 1.2× 103 |
210Pb | 6.9 × 102 |
226Ra | 2.8 × 102 |
228Ra | 6.9 × 102 |
234U | 4.9 × 101 |
235U | 4.7 × 101 |
238U | 4.5 × 101 |
Sample | 210Po | 210Pb | 226Ra | 228Ra | 234U | 235U | 238U | 40K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | <9.4 × 10−1 | (5.7 ± 0.5) × 100 | <1.9 × 102 | (2.6 ± 1.5) × 101 | (2.6 ± 0.5) × 101 | (1.2 ± 0.2) × 100 | (2.4 ± 0.5) × 101 | (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10−1 |
2 | <7.4 × 10−1 | (1.8 ± 0.2) × 100 | <1.1 × 102 | <3.7 × 101 | <1.3 × 10−1 | <5.8 × 10−3 | <1.2 × 10−1 | <7.7 × 10−3 |
3 | <1.3 × 100 | (2.0 ± 0.2) × 100 | <1.8 × 102 | <3.6 × 102 | (2.4 ± 0.5) × 100 | (1.0 ± 0.2) × 10−1 | (2.2 ± 0.5) × 100 | (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10−2 |
4 | (2.6 ± 0.4) × 100 | (7.4 ± 0.7) × 100 | <2.0 × 102 | <3.9 × 102 | (2.6 ± 0.5) × 10−1 | (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10−2 | (2.4 ± 0.5) × 10−1 | (1.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 |
5 | <1.2 × 100 | < 1.7 × 100 | <1.7 × 102 | <3.4 × 102 | (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (5.8 ± 0.1) × 10−3 | (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (3.8 ± 0.8) × 10−2 |
6 | <1.3 × 100 | (5.3 ± 0.5) × 100 | (8.5 ± 3.9) × 100 | (2.5 ± 1.1) × 101 | (7.9 ± 0.2) × 10−1 | (3.5 ± 0.7) × 10−2 | (7.3 ± 0.2) × 10−1 | (6.2 ± 1.3) ± × 10−2 |
7 | <8.9 × 10−1 | (3.8 ± 0.3) × 100 | <2.3 × 102 | <4.2 × 101 | (5.2 ± 1.1) × 10−1 | (2.3 ± 0.5) × 10−2 | (4.8 ± 1.0) × 10−1 | (3.5 ± 0.7) × 10−2 |
8 | <1.2 × 100 | (5.3 ± 0.5) × 10−1 | <1.7 × 102 | <3.4 × 101 | (2.6 ± 0.5) × 10−1 | (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10−2 | (2.4 ± 0.5) × 10−1 | (4.9 ± 1.0) × 10−2 |
9 | <1.1 × 100 | (3.7 ± 0.3) × 100 | <6.0 × 102 | <1.1 × 102 | (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (5.8 ± 1.2) × 10−3 | (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (2.5 ± 0.5) × 10−2 |
10 | <1.1 × 100 | (8.1 ± 0.7) × 10−1 | <1.1 × 102 | <3.9 × 102 | (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (5.8 ± 1.2) × 10−3 | (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (2.5 ± 0.5) × 10−2 |
11 | <5.7 × 10−1 | (2.0 ± 0.2) × 100 | <1.5 × 102 | <2.9 × 102 | (3.9 ± 0.8) × 10−1 | (1.7 ± 0.4) × 10−2 | (3.6 ± 0.8) × 10−1 | (2.4 ± 0.5) × 10−2 |
12 | (1.0 ± 0.3) × 100 | (4.4 ± 0.4) × 100 | <2.4 × 102 | <4.3 × 101 | (5.2 ± 0.1) × 10−1 | (2.3 ± 0.5) × 10−2 | (4.8 ± 1.0) × 10−1 | (3.2 ± 0.7) × 10−2 |
13 | (4.9 ± 0.4) × 100 | (1.9 ± 0.2) × 101 | (1.2 ± 0.5) × 101 | <3.3 × 102 | (1.6 ± 0.3) × 100 | (6.9 ± 0.1) × 10−2 | (1.5 ± 0.3) × 100 | (5.1 ± 1.1) × 10−2 |
14 | (1.5 ± 0.6) × 100 | (4.3 ± 0.4) × 100 | <2.3 × 102 | (4.9 ± 1.8) × 101 | <1.3 × 10−1 | <5.8 × 10−3 | <1.2 × 10−1 | (2.9 ± 0.6) × 10−2 |
15 | <1.4 × 100 | (3.0 ± 0.3) × 100 | <1.9 × 102 | <3.9 × 102 | (3.0 ± 0.6) × 100 | (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (2.8 ± 0.6) × 100 | (2.5 ± 0.5) × 10−1 |
16 | <9.7 × 10−1 | (4.5 ± 0.4) × 100 | <1.9 × 102 | (1.9 ± 1.0) × 101 | (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (6.3 ± 1.3) × 10−2 | (1.3 ± 0.3) × 100 | (8.4 ± 1.7) × 10−2 |
17 | <8.3 × 10−1 | (2.4 ± 0.2) × 100 | (1.3 ± 0.6) × 101 | <3.2 × 102 | (2.6 ± 0.5) × 10−1 | (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10−2 | (2.4 ± 0.5) × 10−1 | (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10−1 |
18 | <1.4 × 100 | (2.6 ± 0.2) ×100 | <1.6 × 102 | <3.2 × 102 | (2.8 ± 0.6) × 100 | (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10−1 | (2.5 ± 0.5) × 100 | (2.4 ± 0.5) × 10−1 |
19 | (1.9 ± 1.5) × 100 | (6.9 ± 0.6) × 100 | (1.2 ± 0.4) × 101 | <2.5 × 101 | (1.7 ± 0.4) × 10−1 | (7.5 ± 1.5) × 10−2 | (1.6 ± 0.3) × 100 | (7.2 ± 1.5) × 10−2 |
20 | (1.7 ± 1.5) × 100 | (5.9 ± 0.5) × 100 | <7.1 × 102 | (1.6 ± 0.8) × 101 | (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (5.8 ± 1.2) × 10−3 | (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10−1 | (2.5 ± 0.5) × 10−2 |
Isotope | Min | Max | Median | Maximum Annual Effective Dose 1 (nSv) |
---|---|---|---|---|
210Po 2 | 1.0 ± 0.26 | 4.9 ± 0.39 | 1.7 ± 0.34 | 186 |
210Pb 3 | 0.53 ± 0.050 | 19 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 0.34 | 421 |
Isotope | Min | Max | Median | Maximum Annual Effective Dose 1 (nSv) |
---|---|---|---|---|
226Ra 2 | 0.85 ± 0.39 | 13 ± 5.5 | 12 ± 4.3 | 100 |
228Ra 3 | 16 ± 8.2 | 49 ± 18 | 25 ± 11 | 589 |
Isotope | Min | Max | Median | Maximum Annual Effective Dose 1 (nSv) |
---|---|---|---|---|
234U 2 | 0.13 ± 0.030 | 26 ± 5.4 | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 3.3 |
235U 3 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 1.2 ± 0.24 | 0.023 ± 0.005 | 0.14 |
238U 4 | 0.24 ± 0.050 | 24 ± 5.0 | 0.48 ± 0.099 | 2.8 |
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Kinahan, A.; Hosoda, M.; Kelleher, K.; Tsujiguchi, T.; Akata, N.; Tokonami, S.; Currivan, L.; León Vintró, L. Assessment of Radiation Dose from the Consumption of Bottled Drinking Water in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144992
Kinahan A, Hosoda M, Kelleher K, Tsujiguchi T, Akata N, Tokonami S, Currivan L, León Vintró L. Assessment of Radiation Dose from the Consumption of Bottled Drinking Water in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):4992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144992
Chicago/Turabian StyleKinahan, Aoife, Masahiro Hosoda, Kevin Kelleher, Takakiyo Tsujiguchi, Naofumi Akata, Shinji Tokonami, Lorraine Currivan, and Luis León Vintró. 2020. "Assessment of Radiation Dose from the Consumption of Bottled Drinking Water in Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 4992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144992