Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals under Different Land Use in a Typical Estuary Alluvial Island
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
2.4. Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI)
2.5. Human Health Risk Assessment (HRA)
2.6. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) Model
2.7. Statistical Analysis and Geochemical Mapping
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. General Statistics of Soil HMs
3.2. Statistical Analysis of Soil HMs under Different Land Use
3.3. Ecological Risk of Soil HMs under Different Land Use
3.4. Human Risk Assessment of HMs in Soils
3.5. Source Apportionment of HMs
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Cu | Cr | Ni | Zn | Pb | Cd | As | Hg | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chongming Island | Mea | 30.22 | 87.96 | 34.68 | 95.60 | 29.95 | 0.208 | 9.14 | 0.077 | This study |
Min | 10.90 | 55.10 | 21.90 | 51.40 | 16.20 | 0.080 | 4.54 | 0.009 | ||
Max | 104.00 | 134.20 | 51.30 | 210.00 | 195.00 | 0.394 | 17.20 | 0.244 | ||
CV | 37.2% | 14.0% | 15.6% | 26.9% | 66.8% | 29.5% | 26.7% | 48.9% | ||
Urban Zone in Shanghai | 59.25 | 107.9 | 31.14 | 301.4 | 70.69 | 0.52 | NA | NA | [21] | |
Background in China a | 22.6 | 61.0 | 26.9 | 74.2 | 26.0 | 0.097 | 11.2 | 0.065 | [25] | |
Standard Level b | 100 | 250 | 190 | 300 | 170 | 0.6 | 20 | 1.0 | (GB 15618–2018) | |
UCC c | 14.3 | 35 | 18.6 | 52 | 17 | 0.102 | 2 | 0.056 | [33] | |
World Background d | 30 | 70 | 40 | 90 | 35 | 0.35 | 7.2 | 0.06 | [1] |
HMs | Agricultural Land | Forest Land | Wetland | Construction Land | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children | Adults | Children | Adults | Children | Adults | Children | Adults | |
Cr | 5.55 × 10−7 * | 2.51 × 10−7 * | 5.59 × 10−7 * | 2.53 × 10−7 * | 5.72 × 10−7 * | 2.58 × 10−7 * | 5.50 × 10−7 * | 2.49 × 10−7 * |
Ni | 4.49 × 10−9 * | 2.03 × 10−9 * | 4.34 × 10−9 * | 1.96 × 10−9 * | 4.55 × 10−9 * | 2.06 × 10−9 * | 4.11 × 10−9 * | 1.86 × 10−9 * |
Pb | 6.21 × 10−7 * | 2.81 × 10−7 * | 7.71 × 10−7 * | 3.48 × 10−7 * | 6.42 × 10−7 * | 2.90 × 10−7 * | 8.48 × 10−7 * | 3.83 × 10−7 * |
Cd | 1.93 × 10−10 * | 8.71 × 10−11 * | 2.02 × 10−10 * | 9.14 × 10−11 * | 2.16 × 10−10 * | 9.75 × 10−11* | 1.91 × 10−10* | 8.61 × 10−11 * |
As | 3.86 × 10−5 ** | 1.74 × 10−5 ** | 3.60 × 10−5 ** | 1.62 × 10−5 ** | 4.32 × 10−5 ** | 1.94 × 10−5 ** | 3.40 × 10−5 ** | 1.53 × 10−5 ** |
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Sun, T.; Huang, J.; Wu, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Xie, Y.; Fan, Z.; Zheng, Z. Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals under Different Land Use in a Typical Estuary Alluvial Island. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134841
Sun T, Huang J, Wu Y, Yuan Y, Xie Y, Fan Z, Zheng Z. Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals under Different Land Use in a Typical Estuary Alluvial Island. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(13):4841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134841
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Ting, Jingling Huang, Yuying Wu, Yuan Yuan, Yujing Xie, Zhengqiu Fan, and Zhijian Zheng. 2020. "Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals under Different Land Use in a Typical Estuary Alluvial Island" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134841