Health-Related Behaviors of Pregnant Women Residing in Urban and Rural Areas in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Alcohol and Stimulant Use During Pregnancy
3.3. Folic Acid Supplementation
3.4. Types of Beverages
3.5. Physical Activity
3.6. Body Mass Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | 2010–2012 | 2017 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Age (years) | 0.91 | ||||
Under 25 | 532 | 19.0 | 627 | 19.0 | |
26–30 | 965 | 34.6 | 1139 | 34.6 | |
31–35 | 925 | 33.1 | 1073 | 32.6 | |
Over 35 | 371 | 13.3 | 457 | 13.8 | |
Place of residence (inhabitants) | 0.99 | ||||
City ≥ 100,000 | 676 | 24.2 | 804 | 24.1 | |
City < 100,000 | 967 | 34.6 | 1154 | 34.7 | |
Rural area | 1154 | 41.2 | 1373 | 41.2 | |
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 0.2 | ||||
<18.5 | 230 | 8.4 | 256 | 7.9 | |
18.5–24.9 | 1838 | 67.6 | 2147 | 66.6 | |
25.0–29.9 | 471 | 17.3 | 581 | 18.0 | |
30.0–34.9 | 143 | 5.3 | 176 | 5.5 | |
35.0–39.9 | 25 | 0.9 | 53 | 1.6 | |
≥40 | 13 | 0.5 | 13 | 0.4 | |
Parameter | Mean | S.D. | Median | p | |
Weight before pregnancy (kg) | 0.29 | ||||
2010–2012 | 63.5 | 12.2 | 61.0 | ||
2017 | 63.9 | 12.5 | 62.0 | ||
Weight gain in pregnancy (kg) | 0.4 | ||||
2010–2012 | 14.4 | 5.6 | 13.0 | ||
2017 | 14.6 | 6.2 | 14.0 |
Urban Area | Rural Area | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010–2012 | 2017 | p | 2010–2012 | 2017 | p | |
% (N) | % (N) | % (N) | % (N) | |||
Smoking | 0.1 | 0.65 | ||||
Yes | 7.1 (77) | 5.4 (104) | 6.4 (49) | 6.0 (80) | ||
No | 76.6 (829) | 78.6 (1508) | 79.6 (611) | 78.1 (1042) | ||
Quit in pregnancy | 16.3 (176) | 16.0 (306) | 14.0 (107) | 15.9 (212) | ||
Alcohol | ||||||
Before pregnancy | 45.1 (675) | 40.8 (798) | 0.01 | 36.8 (370) | 33.1 (454) | 0.06 |
During pregnancy | 18.7 (276) | 6.0 (118) | 0.00 | 15.4 (152) | 3.5 (48) | 0.00 |
Legal highs | 0.43 | 0.62 | ||||
Yes | 0.4 (4) | 0.2 (4) | 0.1 (1) | 0.2 (3) | ||
No | 99.6 (1075) | 99.8 (1867) | 99.9 (764) | 99.8 (1304) | ||
Folic acid supplementation | ||||||
Before and during pregnancy | 29.5 (445) | 32.3 (598) | 0.08 | 21.0 (211) | 27.1 (332) | 0.00 |
During pregnancy | 62.0 (937) | 62.8 (1164) | 0.63 | 67.4 (675) | 66.9 (818) | 0.81 |
Without supplementation | 8.5 (129) | 4.9 (91) | 0.00 | 11.6 (116) | 6.0 (73) | 0.00 |
Water | 0.2 | 0.38 | ||||
Never | 2.4 (38) | 1.6 (31) | 3.2 (34) | 2.3 (30) | ||
Sometimes | 13.6 (214) | 12.8 (241) | 18.5 (197) | 17.8 (227) | ||
Every day | 84.0 (1319) | 85.6 (1612) | 78.2 (831) | 79.9 (1020) | ||
Sweetened beverages | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Never | 30.1 (440) | 38.7 (673) | 28.0 (268) | 32.5 (378) | ||
Sometimes | 51.3 (750) | 51.8 (900) | 49.0 (469) | 57.4 (667) | ||
Everyday | 18.6 (272) | 9.4 (164) | 23.0 (220) | 10.1 (117) | ||
Tea | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Never | 4.8 (75) | 4.4 (81) | 3.8 (40) | 3.1 (40) | ||
Sometimes | 27.5 (425) | 37.4 (695) | 22.1 (232) | 32.8 (418) | ||
Everyday | 67.7 (1048) | 58.3 (1083) | 74.1 (777) | 64.1 (817) | ||
Cofee | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Never | 40.6 (600) | 41.1 (730) | 45.0 (434) | 42.7 (510) | ||
Sometimes | 38.0 (561) | 43.6 (775) | 34.0 (328) | 42.2 (503) | ||
Everyday | 21.4 (317) | 15.4 (273) | 21.0 (203) | 15.1 (180) |
N | Mean | S.D | Median | First Quartile | Third Quartile | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban area | |||||||
Total physical activity | 0.97 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 1059 | 215.3 | 116.3 | 200.3 | 140.2 | 265.6 | |
2017 | 1897 | 217.3 | 117.5 | 195.6 | 139.8 | 270.8 | |
Household activity | 0.00 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 1048 | 102.8 | 77.3 | 80.5 | 49.6 | 136.9 | |
2017 | 1880 | 112.1 | 81.7 | 92.1 | 52.3 | 150.3 | |
Occupational activity | 0.00 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 595 | 38.4 | 62.0 | 14 | 0.0 | 67.2 | |
2017 | 1094 | 33.2 | 59.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 56.0 | |
Sport/execrice activity | 0.88 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 1029 | 7.6 | 8.8 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 9.6 | |
2017 | 1858 | 8.0 | 9.8 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 9.6 | |
Sedentary activity | 0.00 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 1048 | 69.9 | 41.5 | 65.9 | 39.6 | 97.8 | |
2017 | 1872 | 60.4 | 38.0 | 54.1 | 30.6 | 87.0 | |
Moderate-intensity activity | 0.04 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 1056 | 53.7 | 64.1 | 34.4 | 9.6 | 71.0 | |
2017 | 1890 | 58.6 | 70.4 | 36.0 | 13.1 | 78.6 | |
Vigorous-intensity activity | 0.00 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 928 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
2017 | 1747 | 1.25 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Rural area | |||||||
Total physical activity | 0.39 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 762 | 206.2 | 118.2 | 188.1 | 126.5 | 268.3 | |
2017 | 1313 | 204.2 | 119.9 | 178.4 | 125.6 | 251.5 | |
Household activity | 0.2 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 753 | 110.9 | 85.5 | 92.1 | 50.9 | 145.8 | |
2017 | 1302 | 113.2 | 81.6 | 93.6 | 54.4 | 150.3 | |
Occupational activity | 0.16 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 429 | 31.0 | 49.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 56.0 | |
2017 | 710 | 30.4 | 60.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 52.9 | |
Sport/execrice activity | 0.22 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 732 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 8.1 | |
2017 | 1268 | 6.2 | 9.2 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 8.0 | |
Sedentary activity | 0.02 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 742 | 58.1 | 40.3 | 48.2 | 28.7 | 84.7 | |
2017 | 1292 | 52.6 | 35.3 | 47.3 | 25.6 | 75.7 | |
Moderate-intensity activity | 0.69 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 754 | 56.6 | 66.0 | 35.3 | 10.1 | 77.8 | |
2017 | 1306 | 55.5 | 69.4 | 32.6 | 10.5 | 74.6 | |
Vigorous-intensity activity | 0.09 | ||||||
2010–2012 | 647 | 0.64 | 2.73 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
2017 | 1175 | 0.94 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Urban Area | Rural Area | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010–2012 | 2017 | p | 2010–2012 | 2017 | p | |
% (N) | % (N) | % (N) | % (N) | |||
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 0.8 | 0.12 | ||||
<18.5 | 8.7 (139) | 8.5 (159) | 8.2 (91) | 7.3 (97) | ||
18.5–24.9 | 68.2 (1094) | 68.8 (1306) | 66.7 (744) | 63.3 (841) | ||
25.0–29.9 | 16.8 (270) | 16.4 (311) | 18.0 (201) | 20.3 (270) | ||
30.0–34.9 | 5.0 (80) | 4.8 (92) | 5.7 (63) | 6.3 (84) | ||
35.0–39.9 | 0.8 (13) | 1.2 (23) | 1.1 (12) | 2.3 (30) | ||
≥40.0 | 0.6 (9) | 0.4 (7) | 0.4 (4) | 0.5 (6) | ||
BMI before labor (kg/m2) | 0.39 | 0.05 | ||||
<18.5 | 0.1 (1) | 0.1 (2) | 0.1 (1) | 0.1 (1) | ||
18.5–24.9 | 25.1 (402) | 24.3 (458) | 21.7 (241) | 19.3 (254) | ||
25.0–29.9 | 46.8 (751) | 45.7 (860) | 49.2 (547) | 45.9 (605) | ||
30.0–34.9 | 21.6 (347) | 21.5 (404) | 21.6 (240) | 24.9 (328) | ||
35.0–39.9 | 5.4 (86) | 6.9 (130) | 6.0 (67) | 7.4 (98) | ||
≥40.0 | 1.1 (17) | 1.5 (28) | 1.4 (16) | 2.5 (33) |
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Szubert, M.; Ilowiecka, M.; Wilczynski, J.; Bilinski, P.; Wojtyla, C. Health-Related Behaviors of Pregnant Women Residing in Urban and Rural Areas in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124395
Szubert M, Ilowiecka M, Wilczynski J, Bilinski P, Wojtyla C. Health-Related Behaviors of Pregnant Women Residing in Urban and Rural Areas in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124395
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzubert, Maria, Malwina Ilowiecka, Jacek Wilczynski, Przemyslaw Bilinski, and Cezary Wojtyla. 2020. "Health-Related Behaviors of Pregnant Women Residing in Urban and Rural Areas in Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124395