Factors Associated with Urban Risk-Taking Behaviour during 2018 Typhoon Mangkhut: A Cross Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Study Population
3.2. Factors Associated with Non-Essential RBDT
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison between Household Preparedness and Risk-Taking Behaviour
4.2. Difference between Typhoon Risk Perception and Risk Perception of Non-Essential RBDT
4.3. Other Reasons for Non-Essential RBDT
4.4. Ethical Concerns in Rescue Operations
4.5. What Is the Gap Found in This Study?
4.6. Recommendations
4.7. Limitations
4.8. Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Doocy, S.; Dick, A.; Daniels, A.; Kirsch, T.D.; Hopkins, J. The human impact of tropical cyclones: A historical review of events 1980-2009 and systematic literature review. PLoS Curr. Disasters 2013, 1, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Republic of the Philippines National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council Situational Report No.57 re Preparedness Measures for TY OMPONG. Available online: http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/3437/SitRep_No_57_re_Preparedness_Measures_Effects_for_TY_OMPONG_as_of_0600H_06OCT2018.pdf (accessed on 10 January 2020).
- A New Emergency Management Mechanism Would be Used to Respond to Typhoon “Mangkhut”. Available online: http://www.cneb.gov.cn/2018/09/19/ARTI1537354136937520.shtml (accessed on 14 January 2020).
- The Hong Kong Observatory Super Typhoon Mangkhut (1822). Available online: https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/informtc/mangkhut18/report.htm (accessed on 10 January 2020).
- Hong Kong Legislative Council. The Government’s Preparations, Emergency Response and Recovery Efforts Arising from Super Typhoon Mangkhut; Hong Kong Legislative Council: Hong Kong, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Tu, J.; Chou, C.; Chu, P. The abrupt shift of typhoon activity in the vicinity of Taiwan and its association with Western North Pacific–East Asian climate change. J. Clim. 2009, 22, 3617–3628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. Disaster Risk Management for Health Fact Sheets: Disaster Risk Management for Health Overview. Available online: http://www.who.int/hac/events/drm_fact_sheet_overview.pdf (accessed on 12 January 2020).
- Chan, E.Y.Y.; Murray, V. What are the health research needs for the Sendai Framework? Lancet 2017, 390, e35–e36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lam, R.P.K.; Leung, L.P.; Balsari, S.; Hsiao, K.H.; Newnham, E.; Patrick, K.; Pham, P.; Leaning, J. Urban disaster preparedness of Hong Kong residents: A territory-wide survey. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2017, 23, 62–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Glickman, T.S. Glossary of Meteorology; Leif, E.H., Ed.; American Meteorological Society: Boston, MA, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Robertson, D. Beyond Twister: A Geography of Recreational Storm Chasing on the Southern Plains. Geogr. Rev. 1999, 89, 533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cantillon, H.; Bristow, R.S. Tornado Chasing: An Introduction to Risk Tourism Opportunities. Available online: https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/19699 (accessed on 10 January 2020).
- Xu, S.; Barbieri, C.; Stanis, S.W.; Market, P.S. Sensation-seeking attributes associated with storm-chasing tourists: Implications for future engagement. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2011, 14, 269–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zuckerman, M. Dimensions of sensation seeking. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1971, 36, 45–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zuckerman, M.; Kolin, E.A.; Price, L.; Zoob, I. Development of a sensation-seeking scale. J. Consult. Psychol. 1964, 28, 477–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cross, C.P.; Cyrenne, D.L.M.; Brown, G.R. Sex differences in sensation-seeking: A meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 2486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Roberti, J.W. A review of behavioral and biological correlates of sensation seeking. J. Res. Pers. 2004, 38, 256–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, E.; Man, A.; Lam, H.; Chan, G.; Hall, B.; Hung, K. Is urban household emergency preparedness associated with short-term impact reduction after a super typhoon in subtropical city? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Binson, D.A.; Canchola, J.A.; Catania, J. Random selection in a national telephone survey: A comparison of the kish, next-birthday, and last-birthday methods. J. Off. Stat. 2000, 16, 53–59. [Google Scholar]
- Keinan, R.; Bereby-Meyer, Y. Perceptions of active versus passive risks, and the effect of personal responsibility. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2017, 43, 999–1007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Downloading IBM SPSS Statistics 24. Available online: https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg24041224 (accessed on 27 January 2020).
- Elderly Man Swims While Typhoon No. 8 Signal is in Force, Gets Stranded at Sea. Available online: https://coconuts.co/hongkong/news/elderly-man-swims-while-typhoon-no-8-signal-force-gets-stranded-sea/ (accessed on 13 January 2020).
- Lam, J.; Ng, N. Hong Kong Leader Carrie Lam Warns Residents Not to Take Any Chances as Super Typhoon Mangkhut Looms. South China Morning Post. Available online: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2164231/super-typhoon-mangkhut-dont-be-storm-chasers-carrie-lam (accessed on 13 January 2020).
- Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals Leaflet. Available online: http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/tcws.pdf (accessed on 13 January 2020).
- Collier, H. Hong Kong Typhoon Mangkhut: Daredevils Risk Their Lives to Take Selfies in Deadly Storm. The Evening Standard. Available online: https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/hong-kong-typhoon-mangkhut-daredevils-risk-their-lives-to-take-selfies-at-victoria-harbour-seafront-a3937121.html (accessed on 13 January 2020).
- Huang, E. The Videos that will Make You Glad You weren’t Outside in Hong Kong When Typhoon Hato Struck. Available online: https://qz.com/1060272/photos-and-videos-typhoon-hato-signal-t10-batters-hong-kong-macau/ (accessed on 13 January 2020).
- Leung, C. Hong Kong Frost Chasers Ridiculed: Hospitalisations, Arguments with Police, 300 Firemen and 8 Helicopter Flights to Rescue Them. Available online: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1905267/hong-kong-frost-chasers-ridiculed-hospitalisations (accessed on 15 January 2020).
- Lo, C.; Lau, C. Heroic Hong Kong Fireman Dies in Clifftop Rescue Drama. Available online: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2081110/hong-kong-fireman-coma-after-rescuing-hikers-ma-shan (accessed on 15 January 2020).
- Hollingsworth, J.; Leung, C. Cost to Rescue Two Stranded Hikers in Hong Kong Runs into Hundreds of Thousands. Available online: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2108670/cost-rescue-two-stranded-hikers-hong-kong-runs (accessed on 15 January 2020).
- Liquor Ban Policy Before and During Typhoon Disaster Prevention Measure. Available online: https://www.culionpalawan.gov.ph/?p=1028 (accessed on 16 January 2020).
- Ilocos Norte Bans Liquor Consumption, Sale Amidst ‘Ompong’ Threats. Available online: https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1012683 (accessed on 16 January 2020).
- Mallari, D.T., Jr. Quezon Town Mayor Imposes Liquor Ban as Typhoon Safety Measure. Available online: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1196920/quezon-town-mayor-imposes-liquor-ban-as-typhoon-safety-measure (accessed on 16 January 2020).
- Code of Practice in Times of Typhoons and Rainstorms. Hong Kong Labour Department. Available online: https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/wcp/Rainstorm.pdf (accessed on 12 January 2020).
- Holbrook, A.L.; Green, M.C.; Krosnick, J.A. Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires. Public Opin. Q. 2003, 67, 79–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hung, L.S. Married couples’ decision-making about household natural hazard preparedness: A case study of hurricane hazards in Sarasota County, Florida. Nat. Hazards 2017, 87, 1057–1081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pek, S.; Turner, N.; Tucker, S.; Kelloway, E.K.; Morrish, J. Injunctive safety norms, young worker risk-taking behaviors, and workplace injuries. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2017, 106, 202–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Valkengoed, A.M.V.; Steg, L. Meta-analyses of factors motivating climate change adaptation behaviour. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2019, 9, 158–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | Go Outdoor for Emergency/Work Reasons (n = 21) | Go Outdoor for Non-Essential Reasons (n = 62) | Did Not Go Outdoor (n = 438) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 9 (42.9%) | 38 (61.3%) | 174 (39.7%) | 0.006 |
Female | 12 (57.1%) | 24 (38.7%) | 264 (60.3%) | ||
Age | 18–24 | 2 (9.5%) | 14 (22.6%) | 47 (10.7%) | 0.078 |
25–44 | 9 (42.9%) | 18 (29.0%) | 127 (29.0%) | ||
45–64 | 9 (42.9%) | 24 (38.7%) | 191 (43.6%) | ||
≥65 | 1 (4.8%) | 6 (9.7%) | 73 (16.7%) | ||
Education attainment | Primary or below | 2 (10.0%) | 5 (8.1%) | 49 (11.3%) | 0.407 |
Secondary | 7 (35.0%) | 18 (29.0%) | 170 (39.2%) | ||
Post-secondary | 11 (55.0%) | 39 (62.9%) | 215 (49.5%) | ||
Marital status | Single | 8 (38.1%) | 28 (45.2%) | 176 (40.2%) | 0.734 |
Married | 13 (61.9%) | 34 (54.8%) | 262 (59.8%) | ||
Income | <2000–9999 | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (8.9%) | 40 (9.9%) | 0.462 |
10,000–19,999 | 2 (10.5%) | 5 (8.9%) | 66 (16.3%) | ||
20,000–39,999 | 6 (31.6%) | 21 (37.5%) | 133 (32.9%) | ||
≥40,000 | 11 (57.9%) | 25 (44.6%) | 165 (40.8%) | ||
Occupation | Manager/Professional/Clerk | 9 (45.0%) | 24 (41.4%) | 151 (35.4%) | |
Sales & Services | 5 (25.0%) | 2 (3.4%) | 35 (8.2%) | ||
Craft related/ Machinery labour | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (8.6%) | 20 (4.7%) | 0.033 | |
Elementary occupation | 3 (15.0%) | 3 (5.2%) | 23 (5.4%) | ||
Housewives/Students | 1 (5.0%) | 14 (24.1%) | 115 (26.9%) | ||
Unemployed/Retired | 2 (10.0%) | 10 (17.2%) | 83 (19.4%) | ||
Chronic disease | Yes | 4 (19.0%) | 10 (16.7%) | 77 (17.7%) | 0.965 |
No | 17 (81.0%) | 50 (83.3%) | 357 (82.3%) | ||
Routinely work during typhoon signal no.8 | Yes | 15 (83.3%) | 4 (9.3%) | 35 (13.4%) | <0.001 |
No | 3 (16.7%) | 39 (90.7%) | 227 (86.6%) | ||
Occupation involving mainly outdoor work | Yes | 3 (17.6%) | 10 (23.3%) | 43 (16.8%) | 0.591 |
No | 14 (82.4%) | 33 (76.7%) | 213 (83.2%) | ||
Channel of obtaining weather information | Television | 12 (57.1%) | 26 (41.9%) | 236 (53.9%) | 0.015 |
Radio | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (9.7%) | 24 (5.5%) | ||
Website/Smartphone platform | 6 (28.6%) | 28 (45.2%) | 168 (38.4%) | ||
Newspaper or others | 3 (14.3%) | 2 (3.2%) | 10 (2.3%) | ||
Disaster preparation immediately prior to the typhoon | No | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (6.5%) | 28 (6.4%) | 0.489 |
Yes | 21 (100.0%) | 58 (93.5%) | 410 (93.6%) |
Factors | χ2 Test | Logistic Regression | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stayed Indoor | Non-essential RBDT | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Gender a | Male | 174 (39.7%) | 38 (61.3%) | 0.001 | Ref. | |
Female | 264 (60.3%) | 24 (38.7%) | 0.435 (0.248–0.761) | 0.004 | ||
Age a | 18–24 | 47 (10.7%) | 14 (22.6%) | 0.041 | Ref. | |
25–44 | 127 (29.0%) | 18 (29.0%) | 0.573 (0.260–1.263) | 0.167 | ||
45–64 | 191 (43.6%) | 24 (38.7%) | 0.527 (0.248–1.118) | 0.095 | ||
≥65 | 73 (16.7%) | 6 (9.7%) | 0.297 (0.106–0.833) | 0.021 | ||
Education attainment b | Primary or below | 49 (11.3%) | 5 (8.1%) | 0.144 | Ref. | |
Secondary | 170 (39.2%) | 18 (29.0%) | 0.799 (0.269–2.374) | 0.687 | ||
Post-secondary | 215 (49.5%) | 39 (62.9%) | 1.110 (0.363–3.392) | 0.854 | ||
Income b | <2000–9999 | 40 (9.9%) | 5 (8.9%) | 0.517 | Ref. | |
10,000–19,999 | 66 (16.3%) | 5 (8.9%) | 0.465 (0.120–1.796) | 0.267 | ||
20,000–39,999 | 133 (32.9%) | 21 (37.5%) | 0.897 (0.28–2.784) | 0.851 | ||
≥40,000 | 165 (40.98 | 25 (44.6%) | 0.821 (0.264–2.555) | 0.733 | ||
Perceived Hong Kong to be susceptible to disasters b | No | 35 (8.0%) | 4 (6.5%) | 0.669 | Ref. | |
Yes | 402 (92.0%) | 58 (93.5%) | 1.474 (0.494–4.398) | 0.486 | ||
Perceived impact of Typhoon Mangkhut compared to expectations b | Less than expected | 118 (27.1%) | 16 (25.8%) | 0.919 | Ref. | |
Same as expected | 235 (54.0%) | 33 (53.2%) | 0.919 (0.477–1.773) | 0.802 | ||
Larger than expected | 82 (18.9%) | 13 (21.0%) | 1.032 (0.462–2.303) | 0.940 | ||
Concerned for the safety of oneself and family members b | No | 159 (36.3%) | 17 (27.4%) | 0.171 | Ref. | |
Yes | 279 (63.7%) | 45 (72.6%) | 1.585 (0.860–2.922) | 0.140 | ||
Practiced disaster preparedness immediately prior to the typhoon b | No | 28 (6.4%) | 4 (6.5%) | 0.986 | Ref. | |
Yes | 410 (93.6%) | 58 (93.5%) | 1.077 (0.355–3.264) | 0.896 | ||
Preparedness: routine food reserves b | No | 81 (18.5%) | 7 (11.3%) | 0.163 | Ref. | |
Yes | 357 (81.5%) | 55 (88.7%) | 1.663 (0.717–3.857) | 0.236 | ||
Preparedness: routine potable water reserves b | No | 223 (50.9%) | 32 (51.6%) | 0.918 | Ref. | |
Yes | 215 (49.1%) | 30 (48.4%) | 0.842 (0.484–1.463) | 0.541 | ||
Preparedness: food reserves specifically for Typhoon Mangkhut b | No | 137 (31.3%) | 25 (40.3%) | 0.154 | Ref. | |
Yes | 301 (68.7%) | 37 (59.7%) | 0.666 (0.378–1.174) | 0.160 | ||
Preparedness: potable water reserves specifically for Typhoon Mangkhut b | No | 272 (62.1%) | 39 (62.9%) | 0.903 | Ref. | |
Yes | 166 (37.9%) | 23 (37.1%) | 0.894 (0.506–1.581) | 0.700 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shang, E.S.W.; Lo, E.S.K.; Huang, Z.; Hung, K.K.C.; Chan, E.Y.Y. Factors Associated with Urban Risk-Taking Behaviour during 2018 Typhoon Mangkhut: A Cross Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114150
Shang ESW, Lo ESK, Huang Z, Hung KKC, Chan EYY. Factors Associated with Urban Risk-Taking Behaviour during 2018 Typhoon Mangkhut: A Cross Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):4150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114150
Chicago/Turabian StyleShang, Evan Su Wei, Eugene Siu Kai Lo, Zhe Huang, Kevin Kei Ching Hung, and Emily Ying Yang Chan. 2020. "Factors Associated with Urban Risk-Taking Behaviour during 2018 Typhoon Mangkhut: A Cross Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114150