Emission-related Heavy Metal Associated with Oxidative Stress in Children: Effect of Antioxidant Intake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Subject
2.3. Analysis of Exposure Biomarkers
2.4. Analysis of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2.5. Analysis of Antioxidant Intake
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics
3.2. Exposure Status
3.3. Oxidative Stress Status
3.4. Antioxidant Intake and Nutritional Patterns
3.5. Effect of Antioxidant Intake on the Association between Metal Exposure and Oxidative Stress
3.6. The Contributions of Multiple Metal Exposure on Oxidative Stress
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 168) | High (n = 87) | Low (n = 81) | p a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic characteristics a | ||||
Age, mean ± SD (years) | 5.42 ± 0.80 | 5.40 ± 0.84 | 5.44 ± 0.76 | 0.73 |
Male, n(%) | 83 (49.4) | 50(57.41) | 33(40.74) | 0.04 |
Household smoking, n (%) | 48 (28.6) | 22(25.29) | 26(32.10) | 0.47 |
Single parent, n(%) | 15 (8.93) | 5(5.75) | 10(12.35) | 0.21 |
Work history at complex b, n (%) | 0.06 | |||
None | 75 (44.64) | 34(39.08) | 41(50.62) | |
Current permanent worker | 43 (25.59) | 29(33.33) | 14(17.28) | |
Current temporary worker | 19 (11.31) | 7(8.05) | 12(14.81) | |
Past permanent or temporary worker | 28 (16.67) | 17(19.54) | 14(17.28) | |
External exposures, mean ± SD | ||||
Distance to complex c (km) | 9.82 ± 4.64 | 6.33 ± 2.82 | 13.16 ± 1.87 | 0.00 |
Internal exposures d, e, mean ± SD | ||||
Vanadium | 0.47 ± 0.23 | 0.47 ± 0.22 | 0.47 ± 0.23 | 0.45 |
Chromium | 1.53 ± 1.18 | 2.02 ± 1.28 | 0.98 ± 0.74 | 0.00 |
Manganese | 1.02 ± 1.73 | 1.06 ± 1.00 | 0.97 ± 2.30 | 0.00 |
Nickel | 4.22 ± 3.46 | 4.77 ± 3.25 | 3.61 ± 3.62 | 0.00 |
Copper | 17.93 ± 7.23 | 15.86 ± 6.44 | 20.29 ± 7.39 | 0.00 |
Arsenic | 94.89 ± 105.45 | 100.06 ± 59.79 | 89.04 ± 140.63 | 0.00 |
Strontium | 200.98 ± 137.89 | 219.71 ± 137.73 | 179.78 ± 135.97 | 0.04 |
Cadmium | 0.085 ± 0.05 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.00 |
Mercury | 1.85 ± 0.86 | 1.81 ± 0.79 | 1.89 ± 0.94 | 0.77 |
Thallium | 0.21 ± 0.14 | 0.20 ± 0.13 | 0.23 ± 0.16 | 0.40 |
Lead | 1.47 ± 1.12 | 1.66 ± 1.28 | 1.24 ± 0.86 | 0.01 |
Oxidative stress d, e, mean ± SD | ||||
8-OHdG | 7.90 ± 4.10 | 8.53 ± 4.69 | 7.18 ± 3.20 | 0.14 |
HNE-MA | 47.23 ± 44.80 | 47.21 ± 47.24 | 47.24 ± 42.22 | 0.76 |
8-isoPF2α | 11.14 ± 9.84 | 9.63 ± 5.02 | 12.85 ± 13.19 | 0.26 |
8-NO2Gua | 0.39 ± 0.41 | 0.35 ± 0.35 | 0.44 ± 0.47 | 0.81 |
Variables | High (n = 87) | Low (n = 81) | p a |
---|---|---|---|
Total antioxidant intake, mean ± SD | 43.18 ± 40.32 | 34.20 ± 21.14 | 0.07 |
Foods with highest average antioxidant intake | |||
Berries | 8.08 | 3.98 | 0.04 |
Sugar tea | 4.81 | 3.70 | 0.24 |
Dark chocolate | 3.64 | 2.50 | 0.10 |
Guava | 3.02 | 3.06 | 0.95 |
Sugarless tea | 2.79 | 1.95 | 0.41 |
Stress Marker | 8−OHdG | 4HNE−MA | 8−isoPF2α | 8−NO2Gua | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metal | Metal Est. (CI) a | p | AI Est. (CI) b | p | Metal Est. (CI) a | p | AI Est. (CI) b | p | Metal Est. (CI) a | p | AI Est. (CI) b | p | Metal Est. (CI) a | p | AI Est. (CI) b | p | |
Vanadium | 0.33 (0.13, 0.53) | <0.01 | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.10) | 0.52 | 0.52 (0.26, 0.78) | <0.01 | −0.08 (−0.47, 0.12) | 0.45 | 0.17 (−0.03, 0.37) | 0.10 | 0.04 (−0.11, 0.19) | 0.57 | 0.35 (0.05, 0.65) | 0.02 | 0.15 (−0.08, 0.37) | 0.21 | |
Chromium | 0.19 (0.01, 0.05) | <0.01 | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.10) | 0.54 | 0.42 (0.25, 0.59) | <0.01 | −0.08 (−0.27, 0.12) | 0.43 | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.18) | 0.57 | 0.04 (−0.11, 0.20) | 0.57 | 0.10 (−0.11, 0.30) | 0.36 | 0.15 (−0.08, 0.38) | 0.21 | |
Manganese | −0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 1.00 | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.11) | 0.56 | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.16) | 0.70 | −0.07 (−0.28, 0.14) | 0.51 | −0.09 (−0.19, 0.00) | 0.08 | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.19) | 0.64 | 0.12 (−0.03, 0.27) | 0.12 | 0.16 (−0.07, 0.39) | 0.17 | |
Nickel | 0.12 (−0.01, 0.25) | 0.07 | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.12) | 0.67 | 0.19 (0.02, 0.37) | 0.03 | −0.05 (−0.26, 0.15) | 0.61 | 0.02 (−0.11, 0.16) | 0.72 | 0.05 (−0.11, 0.20) | 0.55 | 0.09 (−0.11, 0.28) | 0.40 | 0.16 (−0.08, 0.39) | 0.19 | |
Copper | 0.40 (0.14, 0.66) | <0.01 | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.37) | 0.55 | 0.47 (0.12, 0.82) | <0.01 | −0.07 (−0.28, 0.13) | 0.48 | 0.51 (0.26, 0.76) | <0.01 | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.19) | 0.54 | 0.16 (−0.23, 0.56) | 0.42 | 0.15 (−0.08, 0.38) | 0.21 | |
Arsenic | 0.19 (0.03, 0.34) | 0.02 | −0.07 (−0.23, 0.08) | 0.36 | 0.41 (0.21, 0.61) | <0.01 | −0.13 (−0.33, 0.07) | 0.20 | 0.15 (−0.00, 0.31) | 0.05 | 0.02 (−0.13, 0.18) | 0.75 | 0.21 (−0.02, 0.45) | 0.07 | 0.12 (−0.11, 0.35) | 0.31 | |
Strontium | 0.32 (0.17, 0.48) | <0.01 | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.10) | 0.50 | 0.59 (0.40, 0.78) | <0.01 | −0.08 (−0.26, 0.10) | 0.39 | 0.18 (−0.02, 0.34) | 0.02 | 0.04 (−0.11, 0.19) | 0.58 | 0.22 (−0.02, 0.46) | 0.07 | 0.14 (−0.08, 0.37) | 0.21 | |
Cadmium | 0.24 (0.07, 0.40) | <0.01 | −0.04 (−0.19, 0.11) | 0.58 | 0.36 (0.14, 0.58) | <0.01 | −0.07 (−0.27, 0.13) | 0.51 | 0.19 (0.03, 0.36) | 0.02 | 0.05 (−0.10, 0.20) | 0.53 | 0.03 (−0.23, 0.28) | 0.83 | 0.15 (−0.08, 0.38) | 0.21 | |
Mercury | 0.37 (0.13, 0.60) | <0.01 | −0.04 (−0.19, 0.11) | 0.59 | 0.46 (0.15, 0.77) | <0.01 | −0.07 (−.27, 0.14) | 0.52 | 0.17 (−0.07, 0.41) | 0.15 | 0.15 (−0.10, 0.20) | 0.53 | 0.35 (−0.00, 0.71) | 0.05 | 0.15 (−0.08, 0.38) | 0.19 | |
Thallium | 0.14 (−0.03, 0.31) | 0.12 | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.11) | 0.53 | 0.25 (0.02, 0.48) | 0.03 | −0.08 (−0.28, 0.13) | 0.46 | 0.04 (−0.13, 0.21) | 0.62 | 0.04 (−0.11, 0.20) | 0.57 | 0.15 (−0.12, 0.41) | 0.26 | 0.14 (−0.09, 0.37) | 0.22 | |
Lead | 0.12 (−0.01, 0.26) | 0.08 | −0.06 (−0.21, 0.10) | 0.46 | 0.23 (0.05, 0.41) | 0.01 | −0.10 (−0.30, 0.11) | 0.36 | 0.08 (−0.06, 0.22) | 0.25 | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.19) | 0.63 | −0.10 (−0.31, 0.11) | 0.34 | 0.16 (−0.07, 0.39) | 0.18 |
Stress Marker | 8−OHdG | 4HNE−MA | 8−isoPF2α | 8−NO2Gua | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metal | Metal Est. (CI) a | AI Est. (CI) b | Metal Est. (CI) a | AI Est. (CI) b | Metal Est. (CI) a | AI Est. (CI) b | Metal Est. (CI) a | AI Est. (CI) b | |
Vanadium | 0.47 * (0.15, 0.78) | −0.00 (−0.21, 0.21) | 0.47 * (0.10, 0.85) | 0.05 (−0.20, 0.29) | 0.15 (−0.09, 0.39) | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.22) | 0.35 (−0.04, 0.73) | −0.01 (−0.26, 0.25) | |
Chromium | 0.58 * (0.15, 1.00) | −0.03 (−0.24, 0.18) | 0.88 * (0.40, 1.35) | −0.01 (−0.25, 0.23) | 0.38 * (0.07, 0.69) | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.19) | 0.53* (0.02, 1.03) | −0.04 (−0.29, 0.22) | |
Manganese | −0.13 (−0.31, 0.06) | 0.00 (−0.22, 0.22) | −0.07 (−0.29s, 0.14) | 0.06 (−0.20, 0.32) | −0.08 (−0.21, 0.06) | 0.05 (−0.11, 0.21) | 0.16 (−0.06, 0.37) | 0.04 (−0.21, 0.30) | |
Nickel | 0.07 (−0.23, 0.37) | 0.02 (−0.20, 0.24) | 0.22 (−0.13, 0.57) | 0.07 (−0.19, 0.33) | 0.07 (−0.15, 0.29) | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.22) | 0.37 * (0.03, 0.72) | 0.01 (−0.24, 0.26) | |
Copper | 0.59 * (0.23, 0.95) | 0.02 (−0.18, 0.23) | 0.54 * (0.11, 0.97) | 0.07 (−0.18, 0.32) | 0.27 (−0.00, 0.55) | 0.06 (−0.09, 0.22) | 0.20 (−0.25, 0.65) | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.27) | |
Arsenic | 0.30 (−0.03, 0.63) | −0.01 (−0.23, 0.21) | 0.55 * (0.18, 0.93) | 0.00 (−0.24, 0.25) | 0.27 * (0.03, 0.51) | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.19) | −0.01 (−0.40, 0.39) | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.28) | |
Strontium | 0.49 * (0.23, 0.75) | 0.01 (−0.19, 0.21) | 0.70 * (0.42, 0.99) | 0.06 (−0.17, 0.28) | 0.29 * (0.09, 0.48) | 0.06 (−0.09, 0.21) | 0.21 (−0.11, 0.54) | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.26) | |
Cadmium | 0.29 (−0.00, 0.59) | 0.01 (−0.21, 0.22) | 0.18 (−0.18, 0.54) | 0.06 (−0.20, 0.32) | 0.15 (−0.07, 0.37) | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.22) | 0.06 (−0.30, 0.42) | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.27) | |
Mercury | 0.49 * (0.12, 0.85) | 0.03 (−0.18, 0.24) | 0.52 * (0.09, 0.95) | 0.08 (−0.17, 0.33) | 0.15 (−0.13, 0.43) | 0.07 (−0.09, 0.23) | 0.18 (−0.27, 0.62) | 0.02 (−0.24, 0.27) | |
Thallium | 0.21 (−0.06, 0.48) | 0.01 (−0.21, 0.22) | 0.24 (−0.08, 0.55) | 0.05 (−0.20, 0.31) | 0.04 (−0.16, 0.24) | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.22) | 0.09 (−0.23, 0.41) | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.27) | |
Lead | 0.26 * (0.05, 0.46) | 0.02 (−0.20, 0.23)in table footer. | 0.30 * (0.06, 0.53) | 0.06 (−0.18, 0.31) | 0.14 (−0.00, 0.30) | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.22) | −0.02 (−0.27, 0.23) | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.18) |
Stress Marker | 8−OHdG | 4HNE−MA | 8−isoPF2α | 8−NO2Gua | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metal | Metal Est. (CI) | AI Est. (CI) b | Metal Est. (CI) | AI Est. (CI) b | Metal Est. (CI) | AI Est. (CI) b | Metal Est. (CI) | AI Est. (CI) b | |
Vanadium | 0.26* (0.03, 0.49) | −0.15 (−0.35, 0.05) | 0.53 * (0.18, 0.89) | −0.26 (−0.57, 0.05) | 0.10 (−0.23, 0.43) | −0.00 (−0.28, 0.28) | 0.34 (−0.13, 0.81) | 0.27 (−0.14, 0.68) | |
Chromium | 0.12 (−0.03, 0.28) | −0.13 (−0.33, 0.07) | 0.45 * (0.23, 0.67) | −0.20 (−0.50, 0.09) | 0.05 (−0.16, 0.27) | 0.01 (−0.28, 0.29) | 0.13 (−0.18, 0.44) | 0.28 (−0.13, 0.70) | |
Manganese | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.15) | −0.15 (−0.36, 0.06) | 0.11 (−0.07, 0.29) | −0.26 (−0.58, 0.07) | −0.08 (−0.23, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.30, 0.27) | 0.15 (−0.07, 0.38) | 0.29 (−0.12, 0.70) | |
Nickel | 0.10 (−0.05, 0.24) | −0.12 (−0.33, 0.09) | 0.16 (−0.06, 0.39) | −0.23 (−0.56, 0.10) | 0.04 (−0.15, 0.24) | 0.01 (−0.28, 0.30) | 0.04 (−0.24, 0.33) | 0.27 (−0.15, 0.70) | |
Copper | 0.36 (−0.10, 0.81) | −0.16 (−0.37, 0.04) | 0.50 (−0.22, 1.23) | −0.29 (−0.62, 0.04) | 1.06 * (0.49, 1.63) | −0.04 (−0.29, 0.22) | −0.14 (−1.06, 0.78) | 0.27 (−0.15, 0.68) | |
Arsenic | 0.11 (−0.06, 0.27) | −0.16 (−0.37, 0.04) | 0.38 * (0.13, 0.62) | −0.31 * (−0.62, −0.00) | 0.14 (−0.07, 0.37) | −0.02 (−0.30, 0.26) | 0.35 * (0.04, 0.67) | 0.22 (−0.17, 0.62) | |
Strontium | 0.17 (−0.01, 0.35) | −0.14 (−0.35, 0.06) | 0.46 * (0.19, 0.73) | −0.25 (−0.55, 0.05) | 0.15 (−0.10, 0.40) | 0.01 (−0.28, 0.29) | 0.29 (−0.08, 0.65) | 0.28 (−0.13, 0.68) | |
Cadmium | 0.14 (−0.06, 0.35) | −0.14 (−0.34, 0.07) | 0.52 * (0.22, 0.82) | −0.22 (−0.52, 0.09) | 0.25 (−0.02, 0.53) | 0.03 (−0.25, 0.30) | −0.06 (−0.47, 0.35) | 0.26 (−0.16, 0.67) | |
Mercury | 0.19 (−0.11, 0.50) | −0.14 (−0.35, 0.06) | 0.37 (−0.10, 0.85) | −0.26 (−0.58, 0.07) | 0.14 (−0.28, 0.56) | 0.00 (−0.28, 0.29) | 0.67 * (0.08, 1.25) | 0.29 (−0.11, 0.69) | |
Thallium | 0.09 (−0.11, 0.30) | −0.15 (−0.36, 0.06) | 0.28 (−0.04, 0.60) | −0.26 (−0.58, 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.30, 0.26) | −0.00 (−0.29, 0.28) | 0.27 (−0.13, 0.67) | 0.28 (−0.13, 0.68) | |
Lead | −0.12 (−0.30, 0.06) | −0.14 (−0.35, 0.06) | 0.14 (−0.15, 0.43) | −0.28 (−0.15, 0.23) | 0.06 (−0.19, 0.30) | −0.01 (−0.29, 0.28) | −0.17 (−0.53, 0.19) | 0.27 (−0.14, 0.68) |
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Killian, B.; Yuan, T.-H.; Tsai, C.-H.; Chiu, T.H.T.; Chen, Y.-H.; Chan, C.-C. Emission-related Heavy Metal Associated with Oxidative Stress in Children: Effect of Antioxidant Intake. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113920
Killian B, Yuan T-H, Tsai C-H, Chiu THT, Chen Y-H, Chan C-C. Emission-related Heavy Metal Associated with Oxidative Stress in Children: Effect of Antioxidant Intake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113920
Chicago/Turabian StyleKillian, Brittany, Tzu-Hsuen Yuan, Cheng-Hsien Tsai, Tina H. T. Chiu, Yi-Hsuan Chen, and Chang-Chuan Chan. 2020. "Emission-related Heavy Metal Associated with Oxidative Stress in Children: Effect of Antioxidant Intake" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113920