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Article

Farmers’ Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria

by
Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale
1,*,
Folashade Adefunke Adeyemo
1,
Noah Bankole
2,
Mary Olasoju
1,
Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan
3,
Olubunmi Fasanmi
4,
Olanike Adeyemo
3,
Olajoju Awoyomi
1,
Olugbenga Kehinde
1 and
Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
5,6
1
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria
2
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria
3
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria
4
Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, PMB 5029, Ibadan 200262, Oyo State, Nigeria
5
ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania
6
Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(10), 3579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103579
Submission received: 23 April 2020 / Revised: 12 May 2020 / Accepted: 13 May 2020 / Published: 20 May 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)
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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans has been linked to non-judicious antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animals. To develop antimicrobial stewardship plans (AMSPs) for pig farmers, there is the need to understand the current status of AMU and the driving factors in the industry. Data on AMU, farmers’ perceptions of associated drivers, and biosecurity were collected through a mixed-method study design with focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaire-based interviews. Antimicrobials (AMs) were mainly used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Common AMs used were tetracycline (78.8%), gentamycin (53.8%), and tylosin (52.5%). Perceived drivers of AMU were linked to economic benefits, farmers’ previous experiences, sick animals, expensive veterinary services, easy accessibility to over-the-counter drugs, poor farm practices, and poor disease prevention strategies. AMU was poor (average 40.2%), while knowledge on AMs and implications for animal and human health was considered averagely satisfactory (56.4%). The biosecurity level was also satisfactory (53.0%) and significantly associated with having a written farm health plan (p = 0.035). Good AMU was found to be strongly associated with farmers’ use of veterinary services (p = 0.001). Diverse factors drive antimicrobial use among pig farmers in Ogun State, and these could be addressed by providing continuing education on antimicrobial stewardship and best farm practices.
Keywords: pig farmers; perceptions; drivers/risk factors; antimicrobial use; antimicrobial stewardship pig farmers; perceptions; drivers/risk factors; antimicrobial use; antimicrobial stewardship

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Adebowale, O.O.; Adeyemo, F.A.; Bankole, N.; Olasoju, M.; Adesokan, H.K.; Fasanmi, O.; Adeyemo, O.; Awoyomi, O.; Kehinde, O.; Fasina, F.O. Farmers’ Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103579

AMA Style

Adebowale OO, Adeyemo FA, Bankole N, Olasoju M, Adesokan HK, Fasanmi O, Adeyemo O, Awoyomi O, Kehinde O, Fasina FO. Farmers’ Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(10):3579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103579

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adebowale, Oluwawemimo Oluseun, Folashade Adefunke Adeyemo, Noah Bankole, Mary Olasoju, Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan, Olubunmi Fasanmi, Olanike Adeyemo, Olajoju Awoyomi, Olugbenga Kehinde, and Folorunso Oludayo Fasina. 2020. "Farmers’ Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103579

APA Style

Adebowale, O. O., Adeyemo, F. A., Bankole, N., Olasoju, M., Adesokan, H. K., Fasanmi, O., Adeyemo, O., Awoyomi, O., Kehinde, O., & Fasina, F. O. (2020). Farmers’ Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103579

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