Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in Obesity among Korean Adults, 1998–2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Obesity
2.2.2. Socioeconomic Status
2.2.3. Other Variables for Decomposition Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.3.1. Concentration Index
2.3.2. Decomposition of the CI
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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KNHANES Wave | Wave 1 (1998) | Wave 4 (2007–2009) | Wave 6 (2013–2015) |
---|---|---|---|
Concentration Index | 0.018 | −0.041 | −0.076 |
Erreygers correction | 0.014 | −0.035 | −0.067 |
SE | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.007 |
95% CI | −0.010–0.047 | −0.060–−0.022 | −0.096–−0.056 |
KNHANES Wave | Wave 1 (1998) | Wave 4 (2007–2009) | Wave 6 (2013–2015) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Concentration Index | −0.070 | −0.175 | −0.186 |
Erreygers correction | −0.056 | −0.145 | −0.152 | |
SE | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.010 | |
95% CI | −0.074–−0.023 | −0.200–−0.150 | −0.212–−0.159 | |
Men | Concentration Index | 0.137 | 0.126 | 0.048 |
Erreygers correction | 0.103 | 0.114 | 0.045 | |
SE | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.009 | |
95% CI | 0.093–0.181 | −0.017–0.030 | 0.019–0.077 |
Variables | Wave 1 (1998) | Wave 4 (2007–2009) | Wave 6 (2013–2015) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elasticity | CI | Contribution | % | Elasticity | CI | Contribution | % | Elasticity | CI | Contribution | % | |
Gender (ref. Male) | ||||||||||||
Female | 0.133 | −0.005 | −0.001 | −3.85 | −0.386 | −0.007 | −0.067 | −6.65 | −0.490 | −0.007 | 0.003 | −4.36 |
Age (ref. 19–34) | ||||||||||||
35–49 | 0.108 | 0.140 | 0.015 | 82.53 | 0.077 | 0.243 | 0.019 | −45.81 | 0.050 | 0.227 | 0.011 | −14.92 |
50–64 | 0.090 | −0.157 | −0.014 | −77.21 | 0.098 | −0.030 | −0.003 | 7.26 | 0.072 | 0.041 | 0.003 | −3.85 |
65+ | 0.011 | −0.401 | −0.004 | −23.90 | 0.019 | −0.463 | −0.009 | 21.65 | 0.030 | −0.428 | −0.013 | 17.09 |
Education level (Ref. Elementary) | ||||||||||||
Middle school | 0.005 | −0.050 | 0.000 | −1.36 | −0.015 | −0.095 | 0.001 | −3.48 | −0.018 | −0.171 | 0.003 | −3.98 |
High school | −0.078 | 0.105 | −0.008 | −44.44 | −0.093 | 0.120 | −0.011 | 27.38 | −0.090 | 0.083 | −0.008 | 9.89 |
College or more | −0.063 | 0.307 | −0.019 | −105.06 | -0.087 | 0.347 | −0.030 | 73.39 | −0.102 | 0.302 | −0.031 | 40.62 |
Income (Ref. Q1) | ||||||||||||
Q2 | 0.019 | −0.225 | −0.004 | −23.72 | 0.010 | −0.200 | −0.002 | 5.04 | −0.005 | −0.207 | 0.001 | −1.37 |
Q3 | 0.015 | 0.183 | 0.003 | 14.97 | −0.012 | 0.147 | −0.002 | 4.34 | −0.005 | 0.154 | −0.001 | 0.99 |
Q4 | 0.032 | 0.660 | 0.021 | 116.36 | −0.001 | 0.633 | −0.001 | 1.67 | −0.022 | 0.626 | −0.014 | 18.51 |
Employment (ref. White collar) | ||||||||||||
Blue collar | 0.022 | 0.159 | 0.004 | 19.14 | 0.010 | 0.125 | 0.001 | −3.01 | 0.005 | 0.088 | 0.000 | −0.52 |
Nonworking | −0.038 | −0.137 | 0.005 | 28.72 | −0.041 | −0.132 | 0.005 | −13.23 | −0.002 | −0.110 | 0.000 | −0.33 |
Unemployment | −0.032 | −0.095 | 0.003 | 16.75 | −0.025 | −0.112 | 0.003 | −6.82 | −0.021 | −0.150 | 0.003 | −4.11 |
Marital status (ref. Married or partnered) | ||||||||||||
Singled | −0.040 | −0.108 | 0.004 | 23.56 | 0.016 | 0.069 | 0.001 | −2.70 | 0.029 | 0.071 | 0.002 | −2.72 |
Place of residence (ref. Metro-Seoul region) | ||||||||||||
Non-metro Seoul region | 0.000 | 0.118 | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.014 | 0.090 | 0.001 | −3.11 | −0.002 | 0.066 | 0.000 | 0.21 |
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Fair | −0.024 | 0.059 | −0.001 | −7.60 | 0.010 | 0.045 | 0.000 | −1.15 | 0.041 | 0.009 | 0.000 | −0.46 |
Bad | −0.019 | −0.190 | 0.004 | 19.62 | 0.032 | −0.225 | −0.007 | 17.53 | 0.034 | −0.220 | −0.007 | 9.84 |
Sum | 0.006 | −0.099 | −0.046 | |||||||||
Residual (Total C-Sum) | 0.012 | 0.058 | −0.030 | |||||||||
Total CI for obesity | 0.018 | −0.041 | −0.0760 |
Variables | Wave 1 (1998) | Wave 4 (2007–2009) | Wave 6 (2013–2015) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elasticity | CI | Contribution | % | Elasticity | CI | Contribution | % | Elasticity | CI | Contribution | % | |
Age (ref. 19–34) | ||||||||||||
35–49 | 0.070 | 0.146 | 0.010 | −14.54 | 0.069 | 0.254 | 0.017 | −9.97 | 0.054 | 0.240 | 0.013 | −6.93 |
50–64 | 0.122 | −0.200 | −0.024 | 34.99 | 0.109 | −0.068 | −0.007 | 4.23 | 0.110 | 0.024 | 0.003 | −1.41 |
65+ | 0.052 | −0.373 | −0.019 | 27.80 | 0.079 | −0.466 | −0.037 | 21.08 | 0.092 | −0.452 | −0.042 | 22.41 |
Education level (Ref. Elementary) | ||||||||||||
Middle school | 0.023 | 0.004 | 0.000 | −0.14 | −0.009 | −0.016 | 0.000 | −0.09 | −0.014 | −0.121 | 0.002 | −0.93 |
High school | −0.121 | 0.166 | −0.020 | 28.65 | −0.126 | 0.179 | −0.023 | 12.86 | −0.118 | 0.138 | −0.016 | 8.76 |
College or more | −0.097 | 0.334 | −0.032 | 46.37 | −0.134 | 0.370 | −0.050 | 28.23 | −0.168 | 0.316 | −0.053 | 28.47 |
Income (Ref. Q1) | ||||||||||||
Q2 | 0.038 | −0.216 | −0.008 | 11.62 | −0.005 | −0.214 | 0.001 | −0.61 | −0.022 | −0.214 | 0.005 | −2.51 |
Q3 | 0.022 | 0.162 | 0.004 | −5.17 | −0.041 | 0.147 | −0.006 | 3.46 | −0.021 | 0.152 | −0.003 | 1.75 |
Q4 | 0.022 | 0.653 | 0.015 | −20.96 | −0.030 | 0.635 | −0.019 | 10.70 | −0.057 | 0.624 | −0.035 | 19.00 |
Employment (ref. White collar) | ||||||||||||
Blue collar | 0.028 | 0.171 | 0.005 | −6.89 | 0.020 | 0.093 | 0.002 | −1.05 | −0.001 | 0.076 | 0.000 | 0.03 |
Nonworking | −0.008 | −0.228 | 0.002 | −2.53 | 0.000 | −0.222 | 0.000 | −0.03 | 0.001 | −0.174 | 0.000 | 0.12 |
Unemployment | 0.020 | −0.021 | 0.000 | 0.59 | 0.059 | −0.038 | −0.002 | 1.29 | 0.002 | −0.090 | 0.000 | 0.09 |
Marital status (ref. Married or partnered) | ||||||||||||
Singled | −0.067 | −0.140 | 0.009 | −13.44 | 0.110 | 0.099 | 0.011 | −6.23 | 0.084 | 0.104 | 0.009 | −4.70 |
Place of residence (ref. Metro-Seoul region) | 23.56 | |||||||||||
Non-metro Seoul region | 0.015 | 0.144 | 0.002 | -3.18 | 0.000 | 0.093 | 0.000 | 0.00 | -0.006 | 0.070 | 0.000 | 0.21 |
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Fair | −0.021 | 0.086 | −0.002 | 2.64 | 0.005 | 0.065 | 0.000 | −0.18 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.000 | −0.02 |
Bad | −0.018 | −0.178 | 0.003 | −4.65 | 0.038 | −0.222 | −0.008 | 4.78 | 0.023 | −0.199 | −0.005 | 2.51 |
Sum | −0.057 | −0.120 | −0.124 | |||||||||
Residual (Total C-Sum) | −0.013 | −0.055 | −0.062 | |||||||||
Total CI for obesity | −0.070 | −0.175 | −0.186 |
Variables | Wave 1 (1998) | Wave 4 (2007–2009) | Wave 6 (2013–2015) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elasticity | CI | Contribution | % | Elasticity | CI | Contribution | % | Elasticity | CI | Contribution | % | |
Age (ref. 19–34) | ||||||||||||
35–49 | 0.071 | 0.134 | 0.010 | 7.01 | 0.043 | 0.230 | 0.010 | 7.91 | 0.014 | 0.210 | 0.003 | 6.06 |
50–64 | −0.001 | −0.108 | 0.000 | 0.07 | 0.049 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.75 | −0.003 | 0.066 | 0.000 | −0.44 |
65+ | −0.055 | −0.448 | 0.024 | 17.87 | −0.064 | −0.463 | 0.030 | 23.47 | −0.053 | −0.400 | 0.021 | 43.89 |
Education level (Ref. Elementary) | ||||||||||||
Middle school | 0.016 | −0.112 | −0.002 | −1.34 | 0.012 | −0.192 | −0.002 | −1.87 | 0.001 | −0.238 | 0.000 | −0.66 |
High school | 0.063 | 0.040 | 0.003 | 1.85 | 0.036 | 0.044 | 0.002 | 1.27 | 0.025 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.72 |
College or more | 0.054 | 0.286 | 0.015 | 11.24 | 0.040 | 0.321 | 0.013 | 10.20 | 0.050 | 0.285 | 0.014 | 29.31 |
Income (Ref. Q1) | ||||||||||||
Q2 | −0.012 | −0.233 | 0.003 | 2.03 | 0.016 | −0.185 | −0.003 | −2.42 | 0.002 | −0.199 | 0.000 | −0.83 |
Q3 | −0.010 | 0.205 | −0.002 | −1.53 | 0.008 | 0.151 | 0.001 | 0.94 | −0.002 | 0.159 | 0.000 | −0.74 |
Q4 | 0.044 | 0.670 | 0.030 | 21.57 | 0.018 | 0.632 | 0.011 | 8.82 | −0.002 | 0.631 | −0.001 | −2.74 |
Employment (ref. White collar) | ||||||||||||
Blue collar | 0.037 | 0.151 | 0.006 | 4.08 | 0.011 | 0.179 | 0.002 | 1.63 | 0.009 | 0.117 | 0.001 | 2.24 |
Nonworking | −0.006 | −0.094 | 0.001 | 0.44 | −0.060 | −0.084 | 0.005 | 4.04 | 0.016 | −0.085 | −0.001 | −2.74 |
Unemployment | 0.001 | −0.273 | 0.000 | −0.26 | −0.015 | −0.294 | 0.004 | 3.52 | −0.011 | −0.280 | 0.003 | 6.35 |
Marital status (ref. Married or partnered) | ||||||||||||
Singled | −0.093 | −0.046 | 0.004 | 3.12 | 0.097 | 0.028 | 0.003 | 2.20 | 0.116 | 0.027 | 0.003 | 6.38 |
Place of residence (ref. Metro-Seoul region) | ||||||||||||
Non-metro Seoul region | −0.023 | 0.107 | −0.002 | −1.77 | 0.031 | 0.092 | 0.003 | 2.24 | −0.003 | 0.062 | 0.000 | −0.37 |
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Fair | −0.019 | 0.029 | −0.001 | −0.40 | 0.012 | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.22 | 0.067 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.80 |
Bad | −0.029 | −0.208 | 0.006 | 4.47 | 0.014 | −0.222 | −0.003 | −2.44 | 0.034 | −0.252 | −0.009 | −17.78 |
Sum | 0.094 | 0.076 | 0.034 | |||||||||
Residual (Total C-Sum) | 0.043 | 0.050 | 0.015 | |||||||||
Total CI for obesity | 0.137 | 0.126 | 0.048 |
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Hwang, J.; Lee, E.-Y.; Lee, C.G. Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in Obesity among Korean Adults, 1998–2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091617
Hwang J, Lee E-Y, Lee CG. Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in Obesity among Korean Adults, 1998–2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(9):1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091617
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Jongnam, Eun-Young Lee, and Chung Gun Lee. 2019. "Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in Obesity among Korean Adults, 1998–2015" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9: 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091617