Spatial Variation and Controlling Factors of H and O Isotopes in Lancang River Water, Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Background of the Study Area
2.2. Sampling Processes
2.3. Isotope Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. H and O Isotopic Composition
3.2. Spatial Distribution of Isotopes along the Flow Path
3.3. Inputs of Groundwater, Ground Ice, and Glaciers Meltwater in the Permafrost Region
3.4. Impacts of Cascade Dams on Hydrology
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reaches | Section | Samples | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude | T | DO | TDS | δ2H | δ18O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
° N | ° E | m | ℃ | % | mg/L | ‰ | ‰ | |||
upper reaches | Main channel | LCJ44 | 33.46 | 94.40 | 4604 | 11.5 | 57.0 | 346.5 | −12.99 | −94.7 |
LCJ43 | 33.22 | 94.60 | 4368 | 8.6 | 59.2 | 257.4 | −13.72 | −94.9 | ||
LCJ41 | 32.98 | 95.09 | 4148 | 9.6 | 61.2 | 487.5 | −14.27 | −100.6 | ||
LCJ39 | 32.84 | 95.55 | 3986 | 12.5 | 63.6 | 552.5 | −13.69 | −98.1 | ||
LCJ38 | 32.56 | 96.15 | 3751 | 12.2 | 62.8 | 507.0 | −14.01 | −100.2 | ||
LCJ37 | 32.14 | 96.56 | 3606 | 13.8 | 65.2 | 455.0 | −14.29 | −102.9 | ||
LCJ35 | 31.71 | 97.07 | 3420 | 15.7 | 65.9 | 360.1 | −13.75 | −101.4 | ||
LCJ34 | 31.37 | 97.22 | 3300 | 15.4 | 74.6 | 353.6 | −14.06 | −103.1 | ||
LCJ33 | 30.72 | 97.38 | 3087 | 16.0 | 70.1 | 337.4 | −14.67 | −107.9 | ||
LCJ31 | 29.64 | 98.35 | 2639 | 16.6 | 79.7 | 304.2 | −15.22 | −113.7 | ||
LCJ29 | 29.09 | 98.61 | 2284 | 17.9 | 84.1 | 297.7 | −15.35 | −111.4 | ||
LCJ28 | 28.55 | 98.79 | 2058 | 17.9 | 77.2 | 293.8 | −15.60 | −112.7 | ||
Tributaries | LCJ42 | 33.21 | 94.59 | 4382 | 8.4 | 59.0 | 1313.0 | −14.15 | −103.0 | |
LCJ40 | 32.86 | 95.55 | 3980 | 13.4 | 61.3 | 455.0 | −14.33 | −103.0 | ||
LCJ36 | 31.16 | 97.12 | 3243 | 14.0 | 63.2 | 330.9 | −15.21 | −112.5 | ||
LCJ32 | 30.73 | 97.35 | 3175 | 15.2 | 69.2 | 194.4 | −16.09 | −121.3 | ||
LCJ30 | 29.66 | 98.37 | 2853 | 16.2 | 72.5 | 204.8 | −18.51 | −145.2 | ||
middle reaches | Main channel | LCJ26 | 28.08 | 98.92 | 1908 | 16.9 | 90.1 | 267.8 | −14.94 | −109.1 |
LCJ25 | 27.71 | 99.05 | 1741 | 17.2 | 87.3 | 254.8 | −14.99 | −109.0 | ||
LCJ23 | 27.36 | 99.09 | 1654 | 17.3 | 85.1 | 250.3 | −14.90 | −107.5 | ||
LCJ21 | 27.10 | 99.17 | 1597 | 19.7 | 88.8 | 257.4 | −14.87 | −106.4 | ||
LCJ20 | 26.87 | 99.19 | 1615 | 24.5 | 93.9 | 251.6 | −14.83 | −106.3 | ||
LCJ19 | 26.48 | 99.15 | 1482 | 18.1 | 84.5 | 258.1 | −14.58 | −106.4 | ||
LCJ18 | 26.09 | 99.13 | 1424 | 18.4 | 89.0 | 241.8 | −14.22 | −103.2 | ||
Tributaries | LCJ27 | 28.47 | 98.92 | 3104 | 12.3 | 72.1 | 137.8 | −15.36 | −112.0 | |
LCJ24 | 27.65 | 99.00 | 1741 | 15.9 | 84.0 | 52.7 | −10.65 | −79.5 | ||
LCJ22 | 27.35 | 99.13 | 1720 | 19.9 | 79.6 | 120.9 | −12.36 | −88.9 | ||
lower reaches | Main channel | LCJ17 | 25.75 | 99.24 | 1307 | 18.4 | 87.3 | 232.1 | −13.43 | −95.1 |
LCJ15 | 25.42 | 99.31 | 1197 | 18.8 | 95.1 | 233.4 | −13.41 | −94.8 | ||
LCJ14 | 24.78 | 99.87 | 1181 | 23.2 | 107.0 | 234.0 | −12.42 | −88.5 | ||
LCJ12 | 24.67 | 100.10 | 1001 | 20.0 | 84.6 | 247.7 | −13.06 | −93.0 | ||
LCJ10 | 24.53 | 100.50 | 906 | 20.7 | 82.5 | 252.9 | −13.34 | −94.5 | ||
LCJ9 | 23.99 | 100.38 | 802 | 21.6 | 79.9 | 245.7 | −13.21 | −92.8 | ||
LCJ7 | 23.56 | 100.17 | 776 | 22.4 | 83.0 | 239.9 | −12.88 | −91.0 | ||
LCJ5 | 22.67 | 100.40 | 774 | 28.4 | 102.2 | 181.4 | −10.35 | −76.7 | ||
LCJ4 | 22.59 | 100.47 | 605 | 20.6 | 62.8 | 237.3 | −12.80 | −94.4 | ||
LCJ3 | 22.50 | 100.58 | 603 | 20.7 | 59.3 | 241.2 | −12.89 | −94.6 | ||
LCJ2 | 22.02 | 100.80 | 540 | 22.1 | 70.6 | 224.7 | −12.84 | −94.8 | ||
LCJ1 | 21.85 | 100.92 | 527 | 22.2 | 68.7 | 236.0 | −12.36 | −93.2 | ||
Tributaries | LCJ16 | 25.63 | 99.37 | 1293 | 22.7 | 83.3 | 202.2 | −12.68 | −92.9 | |
LCJ13 | 24.83 | 100.16 | 1189 | 24.1 | 96.5 | 238.6 | −12.86 | −91.2 | ||
LCJ11 | 24.53 | 100.49 | 901 | 25.1 | 81.5 | 98.2 | −8.95 | −62.3 | ||
LCJ8 | 23.54 | 100.18 | 776 | 28.6 | 91.0 | 156.0 | −8.49 | −63.3 | ||
LCJ6 | 22.63 | 100.12 | 827 | 24.8 | 84.7 | 100.8 | −8.71 | −60.7 |
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Yang, K.; Han, G.; Zeng, J.; Liang, B.; Qu, R.; Liu, J.; Liu, M. Spatial Variation and Controlling Factors of H and O Isotopes in Lancang River Water, Southwest China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244932
Yang K, Han G, Zeng J, Liang B, Qu R, Liu J, Liu M. Spatial Variation and Controlling Factors of H and O Isotopes in Lancang River Water, Southwest China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):4932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244932
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Kunhua, Guilin Han, Jie Zeng, Bin Liang, Rui Qu, Jinke Liu, and Man Liu. 2019. "Spatial Variation and Controlling Factors of H and O Isotopes in Lancang River Water, Southwest China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 4932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244932