Comparison of Periodontal Status According to the Additives of Coffee: Evidence from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2015)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Demographic Characteristics
2.3. Characteristics of the Periodontal Condition
2.4. Characteristics by Coffee Components
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Coffee Components by Survey Year
3.2. Demographic Characteristics by Coffee Component
3.3. CPI by Region and Coffee Component
3.4. Effects of Demographic Characteristics and Coffee Components on the Prevalence of Periodontal Disease
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ha, J.E.; Bae, G.H.; Chang, K.W. Reasons for extracted permanent teeth in Korea. J. Korean Acad. Oral Health 2012, 36, 32–37. [Google Scholar]
- Sede, M.A.; Ehizele, A.O. Relationship between obesity and oral diseases. Niger. J. Clin. Pract. 2014, 17, 683–690. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Borgnakke, W.S.; Ylöstalo, P.V.; Taylor, G.W.; Genco, R.J. Effect of periodontal disease on diabetes: Systematic review of epidemiologic observational evidence. J. Periodontol. 2013, 84, 135–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Esfahanian, V.; Shamami, M.S.; Shamami, M.S. Relationship between osteoporosis and periodontal disease: Review of the literature. J. Dent. 2012, 9, 256–264. [Google Scholar]
- Bokhari, S.A.; Khan, A.A.; Leung, W.K.; Wajid, G. Association of periodontal and cardiovascular diseases: South-Asian studies 2001–2012. J. Indian Soc. Periodontol. 2015, 19, 495–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiorillo, L.; Cervino, G.; Herford, A.S.; Lauritano, F.; D’Amico, C.; Lo Giudice, R.; Laino, L.; Troiano, G.; Crimi, S.; Cicciù, M. Interferon crevicular fluid profile and correlation with periodontal disease and wound healing: A systemic review of recent data. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jepsen, S.; Blanco, J.; Buchalla, W.; Carvalho, J.C.; Dietrich, T.; Dörfer, C.; Eaton, K.A.; Figuero, E.; Frencken, J.E.; Graziani, F.; et al. Prevention and control of dental caries and periodontal diseases at individual and population level: Consensus report of group 3 of joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2017, 44, 85–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koo, S.M.; Park, Y.J.; Hwang, J.Y. Association between consumption of fruits and vitamin c and generalized periodontitis in Korean adults: The 2007–2010 Korean national health and nutrition examination surveys. Korean J. Dent. Mater. 2013, 40, 77–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kushiyama, M.; Shimazaki, Y.; Murakami, M.; Yamashita, Y. Relationship between intake of green tea and periodontal disease. J. Periodontol. 2009, 80, 372–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paek, K.W.; Lee, S.J. Correlation between vitamin c intake and periodontal disease: The fifth Korea national health and nutrition examination survey, 2010. J. Korean Acad. Oral Health 2014, 38, 82–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, K.Y.; Kang, J.H. Study on café choice behavior using extended theory of reasoned action (ETRA) and heuristics theory. IJTHR 2016, 30, 83–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bae, Y.J.; Kim, M.H. A study evaluating nutrient intake and diet quality in female college students according to coffee consumption. J. Korean Diet Assoc. 2009, 15, 128–138. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, S.Y.; Kim, S.H.; Woo, W.S. A case study of the marketing strategy of ‘Maxim’ in the instant coffee market in Korea. J. Mark Manag. 2006, 11, 193–208. [Google Scholar]
- Grosso, G.; Marventano, S.; Galvano, F.; Pajak, A.; Mistretta, A. Factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a mediterranean population: Role of caffeinated beverages. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 24, 327–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, B.E.; Lee, H.J.; Cho, E.A.; Hwang, K.T. Fatty acid compositions of fats in commercial coffee creamers and instant coffee mixes and their sensory characteristics. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 2012, 41, 362–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.J.; Cho, S.; Jacobs, D.R.; Park, K. Instant coffee consumption may be associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Diabetes Res. Clin Pract. 2014, 106, 145–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, L.; Sun, D.; He, Y. Coffee intake and the incident risk of cognitive disorders: A dose-response meta-analysis of nine prospective cohort studies. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 36, 730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Machida, T.; Tomofuji, T.; Ekuni, D.; Azuma, T.; Takeuchi, N.; Maruyama, T.; Mizutani, S.; Kataoka, K.; Kawabata, Y.; Morita, M. Severe periodontitis is inversely associated with coffee consumption in the maintenance phase of periodontal treatment. Nutrients 2014, 6, 4476–4490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jönsson, B.; Lindberg, P.; Oscarson, N.; Ohrn, K. Improved compliance and self-care in patients with periodontitis: A randomized control trial. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2006, 4, 77–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.W.; Choi, Y.S.; Han, J.S. A Study on the food-related lifestyle and their impacts on coffee product consumption behaviour of franchised coffee brands. KASTM 2013, 28, 285–303. [Google Scholar]
- Shin, J.W.; Kim, S.Y.; Yoon, J.H. Status of coffee intake in South Korea: Analysis of 2007–2009 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Korean J. Community Living Sci. 2016, 27, 83–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bernabé, E.; Vehkalahti, M.M.; Sheiham, A.; Sheiham, A.; Aromaa, A.; Suominen, A.L. Sugar-sweetened beverages and dental caries in adults: A 4-year prospective study. J. Dent. 2014, 42, 952–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mussatto, S.I.; Machado, E.M.S.; Martins, S.; Teixeira, J.A. Production, composition, and application 50 of coffee and its industrial residues. Food Bioprocess. Technol. 2011, 4, 661–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopez-Garcia, E.; van Dam, R.M.; Qi, L.; Hu, F.B. Coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and diabetic women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 888–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Choi, E.J.; Choi, K.H.; Park, S.M.; Shin, D.; Joh, H.K.; Cho, E. The benefit of bone health by drinking coffee among Korean postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional analysis of the fourth & fifth Korea national health and nutrition examination surveys. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0147762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanaka, K.; Miyake, Y.; Sasaki, S.; Ohya, Y.; Matsunaga, I.; Yoshida, T.; Hirota, Y.; Hajime, O.; Kanzaki, H.; Kitada, M.; et al. Beverage consumption and the prevalence of tooth loss in pregnant Japanese women: The osaka maternal and child health study. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 2008, 99, 80–89. [Google Scholar]
- Macedo, R.M.; Brentegani, L.G.; Lacerda, S.A. Effects of coffee intake and intraperitoneal caffeine on bone repair process: A histologic and histometric study. Braz. Dent. J. 2015, 26, 175–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duarte, P.M.; Reis, A.F. Coffee consumption has no deleterious effects on periodontal health but its benefits are uncertain. J. Evid. Based Dent. Pract. 2015, 15, 77–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Setiawan, V.W.; Wilkens, L.R.; Lu, S.C.; Hernandez, B.Y.; Le Marchand, L.; Henderson, B.E. Association of coffee intake with reduced incidence of liver cancer and death from chronic liver disease in the US multiethnic cohort. Gastroenterology 2015, 148, 118–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rapuri, P.B.; Gallagher, J.C.; Nawaz, Z. Caffeine decreases vitamin D receptor protein expression and 1.25 (OH) 2D3 stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity in human osteoblast cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007, 103, 368–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nathan, N.G.; Elizabeth Krall, K.; Raul, I.G. Coffee consumption and periodontal disease in males. J. Periodontol. 2014, 85, 1042–1049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Year | Co | Co+Cr | Co+Sy | Co+Cr+Sy | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 791 (33.3) | 11 (0.4) | 119 (5.1) | 1474 (61.2) | 0.000 |
2014 | 793 (37.0) | 11 (0.7) | 77 (3.5) | 1266 (58.8) | |
2015 | 813 (41.1) | 17 (0.8) | 68 (3.2) | 1088 (54.9) | |
Total | 2397 (37.0) | 39 (0.6) | 264 (4.0) | 3828 (58.4) | |
†Daily coffee intake | 5.34 ± 0.251 | 5.00 ± 0.000 | 5.35 ± 0.702 | 5.43 ± 0.107 |
Characteristics | Co | Co+Cr | Co+Sy | Co+Cr+Sy | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 1037 (37.6) | 12 (0.5) | 113 (3.8) | 1661 (58.1) | 0.472 |
Female | 1360 (36.4) | 27 (0.8) | 151 (4.1) | 2167 (58.7) | ||
Total | 2397 (37.0) | 39 (0.6) | 264 (4.0) | 3828 (58.4) | ||
Age | <20 | 550 (36.1) | 4 (0.3) | 47 (2.7) | 925 (60.9) | 0.029 |
20–39 | 488 (36.9) | 9 (0.8) | 54 (4.2) | 783 (58.2) | ||
40–59 | 705 (38.8) | 11 (0.4) | 70 (3.8) | 1066 (57.0) | ||
60≤ | 654 (35.1) | 15 (1.1) | 93 (5.3) | 1099 (58.6) | ||
Total | 2397 (37.0) | 39 (0.6) | 264 (4.0) | 3828 (58.4) | ||
Marital Status | Married | 1695 (32.0) | 33 (0.7) | 246 (4.5) | 3364 (62.9) | 0.000 |
Single | 699 (59.6) | 6 (0.4) | 18 (1.6) | 464 (38.5) | ||
Total | 2394 (37.0) | 39 (0.6) | 264 (4.0) | 3828 (58.4) | ||
Education | ≥Elementary | 878 (37.0) | 12 (0.7) | 99 (3.9) | 1410 (58.4) | 0.735 |
Middle school | 246 (35.2) | 6 (0.5) | 25 (2.9) | 423 (61.3) | ||
High school | 589 (37.5) | 9 (0.6) | 66 (4.3) | 910 (57.6) | ||
College≤ | 529 (38.8) | 11 (0.7) | 57 (4.2) | 794 (56.2) | ||
Total | 2242 (37.5) | 38 (0.6) | 247 (4.0) | 3537 (57.9) | ||
Household Income | Low | 480 (37.4) | 6 (0.5) | 52 (4.1) | 705 (57.9) | 0.936 |
Middle-low | 485 (37.1) | 7 (0.5) | 57 (4.5) | 768 (57.9) | ||
Middle | 481 (37.4) | 6 (0.5) | 49 (3.8) | 801 (58.3) | ||
Middle-high | 466 (35.7) | 8 (0.5) | 53 (3.8) | 802 (60.0) | ||
High | 470 (37.3) | 12 (1.0) | 52 (3.6) | 730 (58.1) | ||
Total | 2382 (36.9) | 39 (0.6) | 263 (4.0) | 3806 (58.5) | ||
Economic Activity | Active | 1208 (31.7) | 18 (0.5) | 165 (4.3) | 2445 (63.6) | 0.000 |
None | 909 (48.4) | 16 (0.9) | 64 (3.3) | 894 (47.3) | ||
Total | 2117 (37.2) | 34 (0.6) | 229 (4.0) | 3339 (58.3) |
Characteristics | Maxillary Right Posterior | Maxillary Incisor | Maxillary Left Posterior | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | |
Co+Cr+Sy | 0.008 | 1.096 | 1.025–1.172 | 0.000 | 1.179 | 1.075–1.293 | 0.016 | 1.091 | 1.016–1.171 |
Co+Sy | 0.010 | 1.225 | 1.051–1.428 | 0.783 | 1.033 | 0.820–1.302 | 0.002 | 1.293 | 1.103–1.516 |
Co+Cr | 0.592 | −0.881 | 0.553–1.402 | 0.383 | −0.733 | 0.365–1.472 | 0.461 | 1.168 | 0.773–1.754 |
Co | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · |
Characteristics | Mandibular Right Posterior | Mandibular Incisor | Mandibular Left Posterior | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | |
Co+Cr+Sy | 0.000 | 1.163 | 1.078–1.253 | 0.018 | 1.065 | 1.011–1.122 | 0.000 | 1.164 | 1.085–1.250 |
Co+Sy | 0.000 | 1.361 | 1.155–1.604 | 0.098 | 1.110 | 0.981–1.256 | 0.000 | 1.449 | 1.246–1.684 |
Co+Cr | 0.320 | −0.758 | 0.439–1.309 | 0.112 | −0.735 | 0.503–1.075 | 0.035 | −0.512 | 0.275–0.955 |
Co | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · |
Characteristics | Model I | Model II | Model III | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | ||
Gender | Male | 0.000 | 1.877 | 1.674–2.105 | 0.000 | 1.920 | 1.605–2.296 | |||
Female | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · | ||||
Marital Status | Married | 0.850 | 1.014 | 0.876–1.174 | 0.897 | −0.984 | 0.770–1.258 | |||
Single | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · | ||||
Education | <Elementary | 0.093 | -0.849 | 0.702–1.028 | 0.108 | −0.794 | 0.599–1.052 | |||
Middle school | 0.600 | 1.053 | 0.867–1.279 | 0.530 | −0.909 | 0.673–1.226 | ||||
High school | 0.003 | 1.252 | 1.078–1.454 | 0.164 | 1.180 | 0.935–1.488 | ||||
>College | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · | ||||
Household Income | Low | 0.000 | 1.682 | 1.368–2.067 | 0.002 | 1.583 | 1.179–2.125 | |||
Middle-low | 0.000 | 1.509 | 1.244–1.831 | 0.155 | 1.243 | 0.921–1.679 | ||||
Middle | 0.028 | 1.260 | 1.026–1.547 | 0.230 | 1.213 | 0.885–1.663 | ||||
Middle-high | 0.026 | 1.227 | 1.025–1.469 | 0.070 | 1.279 | 0.980–1.669 | ||||
High | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · | ||||
Economic Activity | Active | 0.651 | 1.029 | 0.909–1.164 | 0.484 | 1.070 | 0.885–1.294 | |||
None | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · | ||||
Age | 0.000 | 1.065 | 1.061–1.069 | 0.000 | 1.067 | 1.061–1.074 | ||||
Co+Cr+Sy | 0.263 | 1.093 | 0.450–0.864 | 0.114 | 1.162 | 0.965–1.400 | ||||
Co+Sy | 0.005 | 1.604 | 1.157–2.223 | 0.028 | 1.606 | 1.052–2.452 | ||||
Co+Cr | 0.943 | 1.027 | 0.489–2.160 | 0.654 | −0.830 | 0.368–1.875 | ||||
Co | · | 1 | · | · | 1 | · |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kim, Y.-R.; Nam, S.-H. Comparison of Periodontal Status According to the Additives of Coffee: Evidence from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2015). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214219
Kim Y-R, Nam S-H. Comparison of Periodontal Status According to the Additives of Coffee: Evidence from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2015). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214219
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Yu-Rin, and Seoul-Hee Nam. 2019. "Comparison of Periodontal Status According to the Additives of Coffee: Evidence from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2015)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214219