The Influence of the Schoolbag on Standing Posture of First-Year Elementary School Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To measure the shift of center of gravity (cm) in first-grade primary school students along the sagittal, coronal, and vertical axis while encumbered with a schoolbag.
- To measure the change in the anterior pelvic tilt (APT) angle, craniovertebral angle (CV) and craniocervical (CC) angle while encumbered with a schoolbag.
- To calculate the correlation between the shift of center of gravity and body height, mass, BMI (Body Mass Index) and the anterior pelvic tilt (APT) angle, craniovertebral angle (CV) and craniocervical angle (CC).
- To ascertain the difference in the shift of center of gravity (cm) along the sagittal, coronal, and vertical axis between boys and girls.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Anthropometrics
2.4. Kinematics
2.4.1. Center of Gravity
2.4.2. Craniovertebral Angle
2.4.3. Craniocervical Angle
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Questionnaire
3.2. Descriptive Statistics
3.3. COG, Craniovertebral, Craniocervical and Anterior Pelvic Tilt Shift
4. Discussion
4.1. Shift of Center of Gravity
4.2. A Change in Postural Angles
4.3. The Correlation of Mass, Height and BMI with a Change of Center of Gravity
4.4. Differences between Boys and Girls
4.5. Limitations of this Study
5. Conclusions
Suggestions for Further Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | SD | Min | Max | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Height (cm) | 129.3 | 6.2 | 118.8 | 148 | 72 |
Mass (kg) | 27.9 | 5.6 | 18.7 | 45.1 | 72 |
Schoolbag mass (kg) | 4.51 | 1.09 | 2.7 | 7.12 | 63 |
BMI | 16.66 | 2.6 | 12.47 | 24.8 | 72 |
Variables | Mean | SD | Min | Max | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CV without (°) | 55.7 | 4.5 | 44.7 | 68.2 | 61 |
CC without (°) | 136.2 | 7.7 | 116.7 | 156.2 | 61 |
APT without (°) | 17.7 | 8.8 | 1.12 | 40.01 | 45 |
CV with (°) | 50.6 | 4,9 | 35.8 | 61.1 | 61 |
CC with (°) | 138.8 | 9.2 | 114.3 | 167.9 | 61 |
APT with (°) | 18.7 | 8.1 | 5.4 | 35.6 | 45 |
Variables | ΔMean | SEM | t | p | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lateral COG shift | −0.7 | 1.2 | −4.95 | <0.01** | 71 |
Vertical COG shift | 0.7 | 0.6 | 9.84 | <0.01** | 71 |
Anterior COG shift | −2.4 | 1.7 | −11.7 | <0.01** | 71 |
CV (°) | 5.2 | 4.01 | 9.96 | <0.01** | 60 |
CC (°) | −2.5 | 6.8 | −2.76 | <0.01** | 60 |
APT (°) | −1.03 | 9.2 | −0.75 | >0.05 | 44 |
Variables | Pearson r | p | n |
---|---|---|---|
Mass (kg) | −0.4 | <0.01** | 71 |
Height (cm) | −0.4 | <0.01** | 71 |
BMI | −0.3 | <0.05* | 71 |
CV (°) | 0.2 | >0.05 | 60 |
CC (°) | −0.3 | <0.05* | 60 |
APT (°) | 0.1 | >0.05 | 44 |
Variables | t | p | ΔMean | SEM | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lateral COG shift | 0.278 | >0.05 | −0.3 | 0.3 | 71 |
Vertical COG shift | −2.312 | <0.05 | −0.3 | 0.1 | 71 |
Anterior COG shift | 0.732 | >0.05 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 71 |
CV(°) | 1.082 | >0.05 | 1.1 | 1.03 | 60 |
CC(°) | −0.467 | >0.05 | −0.8 | 1.8 | 60 |
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Jurak, I.; Rađenović, O.; Bolčević, F.; Bartolac, A.; Medved, V. The Influence of the Schoolbag on Standing Posture of First-Year Elementary School Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203946
Jurak I, Rađenović O, Bolčević F, Bartolac A, Medved V. The Influence of the Schoolbag on Standing Posture of First-Year Elementary School Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):3946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203946
Chicago/Turabian StyleJurak, Ivan, Ozren Rađenović, Filip Bolčević, Andreja Bartolac, and Vladimir Medved. 2019. "The Influence of the Schoolbag on Standing Posture of First-Year Elementary School Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203946