External Workload Indicators of Muscle and Kidney Mechanical Injury in Endurance Trail Running
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Material and Procedures
2.3.1. Serum Markers
2.3.2. Physical External Workload
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Muscle and Kidney Injury Serum Markers
3.2. External Workload Variables Selected per Body Segment
3.3. Prediction of Serum Change by External Workload Variables of Each Body Location
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category Variable | Pre- | -Post0h | -Post24h | F(2.28) (p) | ωp2 Rating | Δ% Pre- vs. -Post0h | Δ% Pre- vs. -Post24h |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kidney Injury | |||||||
sCr (mg/dL) | 1.22 ± 0.29 (0.66 to 1.7) | 1.71 ± 0.4 (1.06 to 2.7) * | 1.3 ± 0.29 (0.91 to 1.78) † | 19.05 (<0.01) | 0.53 large | 45.67 ± 42.26 (−1.49 to 171.21) | 9.02 ± 12.74 (−14.93 to 31.58) |
sBUN (mg/dL) | 14.4 ± 4.42 (6 to 24) | 19.92 ± 5.2 (8.7 to 29) * | 18.88 ± 4.89 (13 to 27) * | 14.004 (<0.01) | 0.46 large | 48.91 ± 68.05 (−15 to 323.1) | 37.21 ± 37.41 (−35 to 116.67) |
sALB (IU/L) | 4.31 ± 1.22 (0.29 to 4.99) | 5.01 ± 0.82 (1.71 to 5.84) * | 4.67 ± 0.25 (4.16 to 5.06) | 4.145 (0.027) | 0.17 large | 92.55 ± 362.99 (1.2 to 1634.48) | 15.6 ± 59.74 (−10.1 to 230.71) |
Muscle Damage | |||||||
sCK (IU/L) | 274.5 ± 384.36 (45 to 1688) | 691.05 ± 591.43 (229 to 2695) * | 680.87 ± 552.07 (244 to 2400) * | 11.021 (<0.01) | 0.39 large | 322.56 ± 503.01 (42.23 to 2371.1) | 337.75 ± 303.25 (−4.56 to 976.23) |
Outcome, M ± SD (95%CI) | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2–T4 | Eigenvalue | 3.198 | 1.352 | 1.324 | 1.101 | |
% variance | 35.53 | 15.02 | 14.71 | 12.24 | ||
% cumulative variance | 35.53 | 20.55 | 65.26 | 77.5 | ||
PLDif T2–T4–L1–L3 (AU) | 274.17 ± 251.37 (−306 to 654.67) | −0.818 | ||||
ApEn (AU) | 0.43 ± 0.1 (0.26 to 0.64) | 0.81 | ||||
Impactstotal/min | 314.77 ± 55.56 (201.29 to 417.54) | 0.781 | ||||
Accmax (m/s−1) | 4.41 ± 1.23 (3.19 to 7.21) | −0.624 | ||||
PL/min (AU) | 1.6 ± 0.57 (0.86 to 2.73) | 0.766 | ||||
Speedmax (m/s) | 5.05 ± 0.85 (3.83 to 7.24) | 0.938 | ||||
Impacts0-1 g/min | 108.06 ± 39.69 (23.3 to 171.77) | −0.892 | ||||
L1–L3 | Eigenvalue | 3.186 | 2.481 | 1.458 | 1.234 | |
% variance | 31.86 | 24.82 | 14.58 | 12.34 | ||
% cumulative variance | 31.86 | 56.68 | 71.26 | 83.60 | ||
Impactstotal/min | 170.57 ± 36.64 (111.87 to 247.79) | −0.843 | ||||
Impacts0-1 g/min | 95.28 ± 38.02 (18.8 to 161.86) | −0.763 | ||||
ApEn (AU) | 0.51 ± 0.11 (0.24 to 0.76) | 0.725 | ||||
PL/min (AU) | 2.78 ± 0.53 (2.16 to 3.88) | 0.753 | ||||
PLDif T2–T4–L1–L3 (AU) | 274.17 ± 251.37 (−306 to 654.66) | 0.847 | ||||
Impacts8-9 g/min | 2.16 ± 3.27 (0.32 to 14.68) | 0.789 | ||||
Impacts6-7 g/min | 5.93 ± 2.13 (3.04 to 9.39) | −0.677 | ||||
Impacts1-2 g/min | 64.42 ± 13.25 (41.84 to 87.39) | 0.781 | ||||
Impacts5-6 g/min | 10.18 ± 3.39 (5.46 to 16.54) | 0.933 | ||||
VLright | Eigenvalue | 1.606 | 1.24 | 1.081 | - | |
% variance | 32.12 | 24.81 | 21.61 | - | ||
% cumulative variance | 32.12 | 56.93 | 78.55 | - | ||
PL/min (AU) | 3.96 ± 0.93 (2.47 to 5.62) | 0.823 | - | |||
Impacts7-8 g/min | 3.22 ± 1.1 (1.68 to 5.45) | 0.892 | - | |||
Impacts3-4 g/min | 10.74 ± 4.2 (4.72 to 21.75) | 0.931 | - | |||
PLDif VLright–MPright (AU) | 52.3 ± 435.04 (−1045.51 to 1002.44) | −0.642 | - | |||
ApEn (AU) | 0.46 ± 0.11 (0.32 to 0.67) | 0.838 | - | |||
VLleft | Eigenvalue | 1.951 | - | - | - | |
% variance | 65.05 | - | - | - | ||
% cumulative variance | 65.05 | - | - | - | ||
PL/min (AU) | 3.88 ± 0.88 (2.7 to 5.74) | −0.696 | - | - | - | |
Impacts5-6 g/min | 5.57 ± 2.04 (2.49 to 10.06) | 0.796 | - | - | - | |
Impacts3-4 g/min | 11.43 ± 4.98 (3.72 to 21.48) | 0.913 | - | - | - | |
MPright | Eigenvalue | 2.614 | 1.978 | 1.238 | 1.092 | |
% variance | 32.67 | 24.72 | 15.48 | 13.64 | ||
% cumulative variance | 32.67 | 57.4 | 72.87 | 86.52 | ||
Impacts8-9 g/min | 5.77 ± 2.04 (3.11 to 12.12) | 0.859 | ||||
PL/min (AU) | 4.52 ± 1.03 (3.16 to 6.56) | 0.73 | ||||
ApEn (AU) | 0.36 ± 0.18 (0.04 to 0.81) | −0.862 | ||||
Impactstotal/min | 115.84 ± 27.91 (74.29 to 163.89) | 0.867 | ||||
PLDif VLright–MPright (AU) | 52.3 ± 435.04 (−1045.51 to 1002.44) | 0.94 | ||||
Impacts1-2 g/min | 28.83 ± 10.77 (10.43 to 49.95) | 0.779 | ||||
Impacts6-7 g/min | 6.95 ± 2.35 (3.32 to 12.12) | −0.845 | ||||
Impacts3-4 g/min | 9.28 ± 4.25 (4 to 16.34) | 0.95 | ||||
MPleft | Eigenvalue | 2.538 | 2.206 | 1.58 | 1.175 | |
% variance | 28.2 | 24.51 | 17.55 | 13.06 | ||
% cumulative variance | 28.2 | 52.71 | 70.26 | 83.32 | ||
PLDif VLleft–MPleft (AU) | 193.75 ± 0.88 (−1228.3 to 935.59) | −0.766 | ||||
Impacts6-7 g/min | 7.12 ± 2.74 (1.94 to 11.42) | 0.754 | ||||
Impacts8-9 g/min | 5.47 ± 1.61 (2.7 to 8.5) | 0.888 | ||||
PL/min (AU) | 4.53 ± 1.07 (2.95.1 to 7.18) | −0.903 | ||||
Impacts4-5 g/min | 6.9 ± 2.63 (1 to 11.46) | 0.887 | ||||
Impacts1-2 g/min | 26.58 ± 8.12 (13.11 to 45.84) | 0.88 | ||||
Impactstotal/min | 155.46 ± 20.87 (98.33 to 184.1) | 0.842 | ||||
Impacts3-4 g/min | 10.46 ± 4.01 (2.38 to 18.28) | 0.92 |
Δ% Pre- vs. -Post0h | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Body Segment | sCr | sBUN | sALB | sCK |
T2–T4 | R2 = 0.23, β = 44.03 | R2 = 0.22, β = 51.91 | R2 = 0.18, β = 100.55 | R2 = 0.14, β = 333.97 |
p < 0.01 ** | p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.3 | p = 0.025 * | |
L1–L3 | R2 = 0. 27, β = 45.36 | R2 = 0.2, β = 55.99 | R2 = 0.29, β = 112.16 | R2 = 0.4, β = 350.02 |
p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.014 * | p = 0.286 | p = 0.019 * | |
VLright | R2 = 0.11, β = 42.69 | R2 = 0.33, β = 47.97 | R2 = 0.36, β = 101.28 | R2 = 0.33, β = 336.79 |
p < 0.01 ** | p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.223 | p = 0.01 ** | |
VLleft | R2 = 0.07, β = 41.63 | R2 = 0.10, β = 48.39 | R2 = 0.16, β = 96.09 | R2 = 0.2, β = 324.57 |
p < 0.01 ** | p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.25 | p < 0.01 ** | |
MPright | R2 = 0.2, β = 45.22 | R2 = 0.4, β = 51.51 | R2 = 0.44, β = 119.34 | R2 = 0.36, β = 373.01 |
p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.019 * | p = 0.243 | p = 0.024 * | |
MPleft | R2 = 0.45, β = 47.33 | R2 = 0.38, β = 50.39 | R2 = 0.45, β = 96.35 | R2 = 0.47, β = 335.28 |
p < 0.01 ** | p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.202 | p < 0.01 ** | |
Δ% Pre- vs. -Post24h | ||||
Body Segment | sCr | sBUN | sALB | sCK |
T2–T4 | R2 = 0.74, β = 877.57 | R2 = 0.1, β = 39.17 | R2 = 0.29, β = 22.41 | R2 = 0.3, β = 363.58 |
p = 0.02 * | p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.265 | p < 0.01 ** | |
L1–L3 | R2 = 0.45, β = 5.07 | R2 = 0.19, β = 37.14 | R2 = 0.32, β = 19.62 | R2 = 0.59, β = 493.04 |
p = 0.229 | p = 0.057 | p = 0.529 | p < 0.01 ** | |
VLright | R2 = 0.19, β = 6.95 | R2 = 0.22, β = 36.82 | R2 = 0.18, β = 19.53 | R2 = 0.22, β = 324.08 |
p = 0.077 | p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.325 | p < 0.01 ** | |
VLleft | R2 = 0.002, β = 7.46 | R2 = 0.08, β = 34.9 | R2 = 0.13, β = 13.87 | R2 = 0, β = 189.63 |
p = 0.039 * | p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.41 | p = 0.967 | |
MPright | R2 = 0.56, β = 4.53 | R2 = 0.23, β = 31.26 | R2 = 0.5, β = 9.65 | R2 = 0.27, β = 473.47 |
p = 0.207 | p = 0.126 | p = 0.69 | p = 0.015 * | |
MPleft | R2 = 0.12, β = 10.13 | R2 = 0.1, β = 39.93 | R2 = 0.08, β = 13.14 | R2 = 0.39, β = 413.12 |
p = 0.025 * | p < 0.01 ** | p = 0.524 | p < 0.01 ** |
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Rojas-Valverde, D.; Sánchez-Ureña, B.; Pino-Ortega, J.; Gómez-Carmona, C.; Gutiérrez-Vargas, R.; Timón, R.; Olcina, G. External Workload Indicators of Muscle and Kidney Mechanical Injury in Endurance Trail Running. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203909
Rojas-Valverde D, Sánchez-Ureña B, Pino-Ortega J, Gómez-Carmona C, Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Timón R, Olcina G. External Workload Indicators of Muscle and Kidney Mechanical Injury in Endurance Trail Running. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):3909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203909
Chicago/Turabian StyleRojas-Valverde, Daniel, Braulio Sánchez-Ureña, José Pino-Ortega, Carlos Gómez-Carmona, Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas, Rafael Timón, and Guillermo Olcina. 2019. "External Workload Indicators of Muscle and Kidney Mechanical Injury in Endurance Trail Running" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203909