How Do the Multi-Temporal Centroid Trajectories of Urban Heat Island Correspond to Impervious Surface Changes: A Case Study in Wuhan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Datasets
2.1. Wuhan, China
2.2. Land Surface Temperature (LST) Products
2.3. Impervious Surface (IS) Maps
2.4. Methodology
2.4.1. Multi-Task Gaussian Process (MTGP) Model for Typical LST Patterns Extraction
2.4.2. LST Grading
2.5. Weighted Center of LST and IS
2.5.1. Impervious Surface Fraction Weighted Center (ISFWC)
2.5.2. LST Weighted Center (LSTWC)
2.6. Quantification of Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Relationships between LST and IS
2.6.1. Urban Heat Island (UHI) Ratio Index
2.6.2. Sprawl Rate
2.6.3. Coupling Indicators between IS and LST
2.6.4. Impervious Surface Contribution Index
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Impervious Surfacve Expansions within Wuhan
3.2. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of LST Patterns
3.3. The Multi-Scale Correlations between LST and IS
3.4. Implications and Limitations
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The hot thermal landscapes of the study area have significantly expanded from 276.09 to 531.91 km2 and the impervious surfaces has expanded by 407.43 km2 (from 270.75 to 678.18 km2) at the city scale. There is a positive linear relationship between the expansions of hot thermal landscape and IS (R2 = 0.969).
- (2)
- URIs have increased from 0.33 to 0.55, indicating the UHI effect of the study area have become more intensive in the period of 2002–2017. The increase of URIs is highly correlated to the expansion of IS at the city scale (R2 = 0.927).
- (3)
- The most expansion of hot thermal landscape has been witnessed in the east, southeast and northeast sub-regions, which is quite consistent with the IS expansions at the sub-region scale.
- (4)
- At the city scale, the coupling relationship between LST and IS is quite strong (cos α larger than 0.709 and distances between LSTWCs and ISFWCs shorter than 3948.09 meters in general). However, the coupling relationship has been weakened in 2002-2014, afterwards strengthened in 2017.
- (5)
- At the sub-region scale, the warming contribution of impervious surfaces has been examined to be the external forcing of the movements of LSTWC. Specifically, LSTWC tend to move towards the sub-region with the most significant variation of impervious surfaces contribution index. Implications and suggestions are available for the decision makers to steer land use/land cover and allocate urban sprawl based on the findings of this study.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Date of the Dominant LST Product | Dates of the Auxiliary Products |
---|---|---|
2002 | July 4th | July 12th |
August 21th | ||
August 29th | ||
2005 | July 12th | July 20th |
July 28th | ||
August 5th | ||
2008 | August 21th | July 11th |
July 19th | ||
July 27th | ||
2011 | August 13th | July 4th |
July 20th | ||
August 29th | ||
2014 | July 28th | July 20th |
August 5th | ||
August 13th | ||
2017 | July 12th | July 20th |
August 13th | ||
August 21th |
Selected Date | 8-Day Average Air Temperature (°C) | 8-Day Average Relative Humidity | Average Wind Force (m/s) | Average Cloud Cover | Adapted Pasquill-Gifford Stability Class |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002/07/04 | 33.42 | 68.62 | 1.19 | 2.61/8 | G |
2005/07/12 | 32.71 | 65.68 | 1.64 | 2.34/8 | G |
2008/08/20 | 30.86 | 81.52 | 1.94 | 3.57/8 | G |
2011/08/13 | 33.07 | 67.59 | 2.56 | 1.82/8 | F |
2014/07/28 | 34.12 | 74.64 | 3.89 | 3.67/8 | E |
2017/07/12 | 34.35 | 67.38 | 2.30 | 2.16/8 | F |
Thermal Landscape | LST Range |
---|---|
Hot | |
Medium-hot | |
Median | |
Medium-cold | |
Cold |
Year | IS Area (km2) | Sprawl Rate of IS |
---|---|---|
2002 | 270.75 | - |
2005 | 313.04 | 1.16 |
2008 | 373.51 | 1.19 |
2011 | 466.54 | 1.25 |
2014 | 580.70 | 1.25 |
2017 | 678.18 | 1.17 |
Sub-Regions | 2002–2005 | 2005–2008 | 2008–2011 | 2011–2014 | 2014–2017 | Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1.08 | 1.18 | 1.28 | 1.20 | 1.25 | 2.45 |
NE | 1.22 | 1.38 | 1.48 | 1.28 | 1.21 | 3.83 |
E | 1.10 | 1.19 | 1.59 | 1.81 | 1.36 | 5.13 |
SE | 1.17 | 1.45 | 3.19 | 2.27 | 1.49 | 18.22 |
S | 1.72 | 1.42 | 1.39 | 1.26 | 1.17 | 4.98 |
SW | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.16 | 2.58 |
W | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.26 |
NW | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.27 | 1.16 | 2.68 |
Year | STD | Bias (°C) | CC |
---|---|---|---|
2002 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.99 |
2005 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.98 |
2008 | 0.12 | −0.26 | 0.99 |
2011 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.97 |
2014 | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.96 |
2017 | 0.20 | 0.48 | 0.99 |
Year | The Area of HTL (km2) | Sprawl Tableate of HTL | URI |
---|---|---|---|
2002 | 276.09 | - | 0.33 |
2005 | 298.88 | 1.08 | 0.34 |
2008 | 369.11 | 1.24 | 0.37 |
2011 | 433.30 | 1.17 | 0.40 |
2014 | 460.07 | 1.06 | 0.51 |
2017 | 531.91 | 1.15 | 0.55 |
Sub-Regions | 2002–2005 | 2005–2008 | 2008–2011 | 2011–2014 | 2014–2017 | Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 0.63 | 1.23 | 1.06 | 0.91 | 1.31 | 0.99 |
NE | 1.07 | 1.06 | 2.86 | 1.19 | 1.16 | 4.48 |
E | - | - | - | - | 233.65 | 233.65 |
SE | - | - | - | 1.85 | 1.55 | 2.87 |
S | 1.43 | 2.21 | 1.27 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 4.12 |
SW | 1.22 | 1.15 | 1.05 | 1.24 | 1.10 | 2.03 |
W | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.22 |
NW | 0.92 | 1.42 | 1.31 | 0.90 | 1.13 | 1.73 |
Year | Distance between LSTWC and ISFWC (m) | Angle Cosine (cos α) between LSTWC Trajectories and ISFWC Trajectories (°) |
---|---|---|
2002 | 1944.49 | - |
2005 | 2632.78 | 0.925 |
2008 | 2737.43 | 0.891 |
2011 | 3369.70 | 0.768 |
2014 | 5047.76 | 0.254 |
2017 | 3948.09 | 0.709 |
Sub-Region | 2002 | 2005 | 2008 | 2011 | 2014 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 34.52 | 62.49 | 58.66 | 66.61 | 72.00 | 105.40 |
NE | 9.71 | 19.64 | 22.95 | 35.71 | 34.13 | 66.54 |
E | 2.93 | 4.20 | 1.68 | 10.26 | 15.83 | 44.05 |
SE | 0.48 | 1.09 | 6.03 | 20.23 | 17.43 | 45.77 |
S | 24.40 | 55.24 | 49.27 | 60.10 | 77.71 | 89.63 |
SW | 21.96 | 59.86 | 55.93 | 64.41 | 112.58 | 82.12 |
W | 56.73 | 83.68 | 65.17 | 70.63 | 57.27 | 55.42 |
NW | 35.45 | 65.80 | 59.25 | 66.98 | 60.12 | 74.96 |
Sub-Region | 2002–2005 | 2005–2008 | 2008–2011 | 2011–2014 | 2014–2017 | Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 27.97 | −3.83 | 7.94 | 5.40 | 33.40 | 5.42 |
NE | 9.93 | 3.31 | 12.76 | −1.58 | 32.41 | 22.48 |
E | 1.27 | −2.52 | 8.59 | 5.57 | 28.22 | 26.95 |
SE | 0.60 | 4.94 | 14.20 | −2.80 | 28.34 | 27.74 |
S | 30.84 | −5.97 | 10.83 | 17.61 | 11.91 | −18.93 |
SW | 37.90 | −3.93 | 8.48 | 48.17 | −30.46 | −68.36 |
W | 26.95 | −18.51 | 5.46 | −13.36 | −1.85 | −28.80 |
NW | 30.35 | −6.55 | 7.73 | −6.86 | 14.84 | −15.51 |
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Yang, C.; Zhan, Q.; Gao, S.; Liu, H. How Do the Multi-Temporal Centroid Trajectories of Urban Heat Island Correspond to Impervious Surface Changes: A Case Study in Wuhan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203865
Yang C, Zhan Q, Gao S, Liu H. How Do the Multi-Temporal Centroid Trajectories of Urban Heat Island Correspond to Impervious Surface Changes: A Case Study in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203865
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Chen, Qingming Zhan, Sihang Gao, and Huimin Liu. 2019. "How Do the Multi-Temporal Centroid Trajectories of Urban Heat Island Correspond to Impervious Surface Changes: A Case Study in Wuhan, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203865