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Volume 16
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10.3390/ijerph16020197
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Article

Researching Parental Socialization Styles across Three Cultural Contexts: Scale ESPA29 Bi-Dimensional Validity in Spain, Portugal, and Brazil

by
Isabel Martínez
1,*,
Fernando Garcia
2,
María C. Fuentes
2,
Feliciano Veiga
3,
Oscar F. Garcia
4,
Yara Rodrigues
3,
Edie Cruise
5 and
Emilia Serra
4
1
Department of Psychology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda de los Alfares 44, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
2
Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
3
Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal
4
Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
5
Department of Business Administration, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, D-54296 Trier, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020197
Received: 2 December 2018 / Revised: 4 January 2019 / Accepted: 7 January 2019 / Published: 11 January 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parental Socialization Styles in 21st Century and Adolescent Health and Well-being)
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Abstract

Recent research that relates parenting with adolescent adjustment has shown the importance of considering the cultural context of the relationship. New results are emerging when considering the classical four-typologies model of parental socialization in some European and South-American countries. Among the instruments used in this emergent research is the Parental Socialization Scale ESPA29. This scale is a bi-dimensional parenting instrument that was specifically developed to measure the four parenting typologies, through the dimensions of acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition. This study examines the good fit of the orthogonal bi-factor model based on the ESPA29 versus one-dimensional and bi-dimensional oblique alternative models, with three adolescent samples from 12 to 17 years old (53.4% girls), from Spain (N = 826), Portugal (N = 752), and Brazil (N = 628). We applied structural equation models (SEMs) to analyze the fit of the models to the data. The results confirm a better fit to the data for the orthogonal bi-factor model versus one-dimensional and bi-dimensional oblique alternative models across country, adolescent sex, and the three age groups. Additionally, the convergent validity of the scale was proved by showing the relation of the two parenting dimensions with self-concept. The results guarantee the adequacy of the ESPA29 to measure parenting styles. View Full-Text
Keywords: parenting styles; parental warmth and strictness; adolescents; factorial invariance; multi-group analysis parenting styles; parental warmth and strictness; adolescents; factorial invariance; multi-group analysis
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Martínez, I.; Garcia, F.; Fuentes, M.C.; Veiga, F.; Garcia, O.F.; Rodrigues, Y.; Cruise, E.; Serra, E. Researching Parental Socialization Styles across Three Cultural Contexts: Scale ESPA29 Bi-Dimensional Validity in Spain, Portugal, and Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020197

AMA Style

Martínez I, Garcia F, Fuentes MC, Veiga F, Garcia OF, Rodrigues Y, Cruise E, Serra E. Researching Parental Socialization Styles across Three Cultural Contexts: Scale ESPA29 Bi-Dimensional Validity in Spain, Portugal, and Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(2):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020197

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martínez, Isabel, Fernando Garcia, María C. Fuentes, Feliciano Veiga, Oscar F. Garcia, Yara Rodrigues, Edie Cruise, and Emilia Serra. 2019. "Researching Parental Socialization Styles across Three Cultural Contexts: Scale ESPA29 Bi-Dimensional Validity in Spain, Portugal, and Brazil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2: 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020197

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