Are Adolescent Religious Attendance/Spirituality Associated with Family Characteristics?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | % | Missing Cases Per Variable Cases Per Variable | Religious Attendance | p-Value | Spirituality | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attending a | Non-Attending | Spiritual b | Non-Spiritual | ||||||||||
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||||||
Total | 4182 | 100 | 296 | 7.1 | 3886 | 92.9 | |||||||
Gender | n.s. | p < 0.05 | |||||||||||
Boys | 2034 | 48.6 | 0 | 131 | 44.3 | 1903 | 49.0 | 213 | 53.4 | 1821 | 48.1 | ||
Girls | 2148 | 51.4 | 0 | 165 | 55.7 | 1983 | 51.0 | 186 | 46.6 | 1962 | 51.9 | ||
Age | n.s. | p < 0.001 | |||||||||||
13 years old (7th grade) | 2091 | 50.0 | 0 | 146 | 49.3 | 1945 | 50.1 | 245 | 61.4 | 1846 | 48.8 | ||
15 years old (9th grade) | 2091 | 50.0 | 0 | 150 | 50.7 | 1941 | 49.9 | 154 | 38.6 | 1937 | 51.2 | ||
Easy communication with parents c | |||||||||||||
With father | 2342 | 62.8 | 452 | 148 | 55.0 | 2194 | 63.4 | p < 0.01 | 232 | 63.9 | 2110 | 62.7 | n.s. |
With mother | 3290 | 81.4 | 138 | 210 | 75.5 | 3080 | 81.8 | p < 0.05 | 318 | 82.8 | 2972 | 81.2 | n.s. |
Perceived emotional support d | 3092 | 74.1 | 7 | 211 | 71.3 | 2881 | 74.3 | n.s. | 337 | 84.5 | 2755 | 73.0 | p < 0.001 |
Parental monitoring e | |||||||||||||
Watching TV | 1122 | 26.9 | 17 | 100 | 34.0 | 1022 | 26.4 | p < 0.01 | 149 | 37.3 | 973 | 25.8 | p < 0.001 |
Playing PC games | 1533 | 36.9 | 34 | 143 | 49.3 | 1390 | 36.0 | p < 0.001 | 194 | 49.1 | 1339 | 35.6 | p < 0.001 |
Time on the Internet | 1191 | 28.7 | 35 | 113 | 38.6 | 1078 | 27.9 | p < 0.001 | 159 | 39.8 | 1032 | 27.5 | p < 0.001 |
Being out after school | 2087 | 50.3 | 35 | 156 | 53.1 | 1931 | 50.0 | n.s. | 211 | 53.0 | 1876 | 50.0 | n.s. |
Obligatory breakfast | 1898 | 45.8 | 43 | 166 | 56.5 | 1732 | 45.0 | p < 0.001 | 220 | 55.7 | 1678 | 44.8 | p < 0.001 |
Eating in front of the screen | 1846 | 44.5 | 40 | 162 | 55.5 | 1684 | 43.7 | p < 0.001 | 217 | 54.8 | 1629 | 43.5 | p < 0.001 |
Sweets and soft drink consumption | 2074 | 49.9 | 31 | 159 | 54.3 | 1915 | 49.6 | n.s. | 211 | 53.1 | 1863 | 49.6 | n.s. |
Smoking (9th grade only) | 1986 | 95.7 | 20 | 143 | 96.0 | 1843 | 95.7 | n.s. | 145 | 94.8 | 1841 | 95.8 | n.s. |
Alcohol consumption (9th grade only) | 1870 | 90.0 | 15 | 141 | 94.6 | 1729 | 89.6 | n.s. | 136 | 89.5 | 1734 | 90.0 | n.s. |
Spirituality a | Relig. Attendance | Age a | Gender | Communication | Perceived Emotional Support a | Parental Monitoring | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With Father | With Mother | Watching TV | Playing PC Games | Time on the Internet | Being Out after School | Obligatory Breakfast | Eating in Front of the Screen | Sweets and Soft Drinks Cons. | Smoking b | ||||||
Religious attendance | 0.34 *** | ||||||||||||||
Age a | −0.08 *** | 0.00 | |||||||||||||
Gender | −0.06 *** | 0.02 | −0.05 ** | ||||||||||||
Easy communication | |||||||||||||||
With father | 0.10 *** | −0.05 ** | −0.04 * | −0.19 *** | |||||||||||
With mother | 0.16 *** | −0.04 ** | −0.03 | −0.06 *** | 0.36 *** | ||||||||||
Perceived emotional support a | 0.33 *** | −0.03 | −0.06 *** | -0.10 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.41 *** | |||||||||
Parental monitoring | |||||||||||||||
Watching TV | 0.06 *** | 0.06 ** | −0.17 *** | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.04 * | ||||||||
Playing PC games | 0.08 *** | 0.07 ** | −0.22 *** | −0.14 *** | 0.04 * | 0.01 | 0.04 * | 0.64 *** | |||||||
Time on the Internet | 0.06 *** | 0.04 ** | −0.20 *** | −0.06 *** | 0.05 ** | 0.01 | 0.05 ** | 0.51 *** | 0.56 *** | ||||||
Being out after school | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.13 *** | 0.14 *** | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.24 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.22 *** | |||||
Obligatory breakfast | 0.12 *** | 0.06 *** | −0.11 *** | −0.05 *** | 0.10 ** | 0.08 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.10 *** | ||||
Eating in front of the screen | 0.09 *** | 0.06 *** | −0.11 *** | −0.00 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 * | 0.16 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.15 *** | 0.04 ** | 0.12 *** | |||
Sweets and soft drink consumption | 0.08 *** | 0.02 | −0.17 *** | 0.04 ** | 0.02 | 0.04 * | 0.05 ** | 0.16 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.06 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.31 *** | ||
Smoking b | 0.05 * | 0.00 | −0.08 *** | 0.02 | −0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.06 * | 0.04 * | 0.08 *** | |
Alcohol consumption b | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.05 * | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 ** | 0.02 | 0.04 * | 0.06 ** | 0.14 *** | 0.11 *** | 0.30 *** |
Communication with Father | Communication with Mother | Perceived Emotional Support | |
---|---|---|---|
OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | |
Model 1: Religious attendance | |||
Non-attending | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
Attending | 0.72 (0.51–1.003) * | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) ** | 0.87 (0.61–1.23) |
Model MSPSS.2: Spirituality (per SD) a | |||
SWBS b | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) ** | 1.38 (1.23–1.55) *** | 1.73 (1.55–1.92) *** |
RWB c | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) *** |
EWB d | 1.33 (1.21–1.45) *** | 1.65 (1.49–1.83) *** | 2.10 (1.90–2.31) *** |
Model 3: Religious attendance and spirituality mutually adjusted | |||
Attending vs. non-attending | 0.55 (0.38–0.80) *** | 0.36 (0.24–0.55) *** | 0.35 (0.23–0.52) *** |
Spirituality (per SD) | 1.19 (1.08–1.32) *** | 1.54 (1.36–1.74) *** | 1.90 (1.70–2.14) *** |
Model 4: Interaction of religious attendance and spirituality | |||
Attendance vs. non-attendance | 0.59 (0.35–1.02) * | 0.49 (0.28–0.87) ** | 0.32 (0.19–0.54) *** |
Spirituality (per SD) | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) *** | 1.60 (1.40–1.83) *** | 1.88 (1.66–2.13) *** |
Attendance x spirituality | 0.95 (0.68–1.32) | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) | 1.11 (0.77–1.59) |
Watching TV | PC Games Playing | Time on the Internet | Being out after School | Obligatory Breakfast | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1: Religious attendance | |||||
Non-attending | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
Attending | 1.42 (1.00–2.00) * | 1.81 (1.29–2.52) *** | 1.60 (1.15–2.24) *** | 1.10 (0.79–1.52) | 1.57 (1.14–2.16) *** |
Model 2: Spirituality (per SD) a | |||||
SWBS b | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) ** | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) *** | 1.18 (1.08–1.30) *** | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 1.23 (1.13–1.33) *** |
RWB c | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) *** | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) *** | 1.22 (1.11–1.33) *** | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 1.13 (1.05–1.23) *** |
EWB d | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.24 (1.14–1.35) *** |
Model 3: Religious attendance and spirituality mutually adjusted | |||||
Attending vs. non-attending | 1.22 (0.84–1.78) | 1.54 (1.07–2.20) ** | 1.31 (0.91–1.89) | 1.03 (0.73–1.46) | 1.21 (0.85–1.71) |
Spirituality (per SD) | 1.11 (1.01–1.23) ** | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) ** | 1.15 (1.05–1.27) *** | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.21 (1.10–1.32) *** |
Model 4: Interaction of religious attendance and spirituality | |||||
Attendance vs. non-attendance | 1.05 (0.58–1.90) | 1.43 (0.84–2.41) | 1.14 (0.65–2.00) | 0.92 (0.56–1.53) | 1.05 (0.63–1.75) |
Spirituality (per SD) | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) * | 1.12 (1.01–1.23) ** | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) ** | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 1.19 (1.09–1.31) *** |
Attendance x spirituality | 1.12 (0.79–1.59) | 1.07 (0.77–1.47) | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) | 1.10 (0.81–1.50) | 1.13 (0.82–1.54) |
Eating in Front of the Screen | Sweets and Soft Drinks Consumption | Smoking (15 Years Old) | Alcohol Use (15 Years Old) | ||
Model 1: Religious attendance | |||||
Non-attending | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Attending | 1.60 (1.16–2.20) *** | 1.25 (0.90–1.72) | 1.10 (0.36–3.35) | 2.09 (0.80–5.45) * | |
Model 2: Spirituality (per SD) a | |||||
SWBS | 1.18 (1.09–1.28) *** | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) *** | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | |
RWB | 1.17 (1.07–1.27) *** | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) * | 1.04 (0.78–1.40) | 1.02 (0.83–1.24) | |
EWB | 1.10 (1.01–1.19) ** | 1.15 (1.05–1.24) *** | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) * | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) | |
Model 3: Religious attendance and spirituality mutually adjusted | |||||
Attending vs. non-attending | 1.31 (0.93–1.85) * | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | 0.88 (0.27–2.92) | 2.13 (0.78–5.83) | |
Spirituality (per SD) | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) *** | 1.12 (1.02–1.22) ** | 1.18 (0.85–1.63) | 0.99 (0.79–1.23) | |
Model 4: Interaction of religious attendance and spirituality | |||||
Attendance vs. non-attendance | 1.31 (0.79-2.15) | 0.99 (0.60–1.64) | 0.57 (0.17–1.86) | 1.82 (0.46–7.27) | |
Spirituality (per SD) | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) *** | 1.11 (1.02–1.22) ** | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | |
Attendance x spirituality | 1.003 (0.74–1.36) | 1.06 (0.79–1.44) | 2.28 (0.83–6.23) * | 1.15 (0.46–2.88) |
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Malinakova, K.; Trnka, R.; Bartuskova, L.; Glogar, P.; Kascakova, N.; Kalman, M.; van Dijk, J.P.; Tavel, P. Are Adolescent Religious Attendance/Spirituality Associated with Family Characteristics? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162947
Malinakova K, Trnka R, Bartuskova L, Glogar P, Kascakova N, Kalman M, van Dijk JP, Tavel P. Are Adolescent Religious Attendance/Spirituality Associated with Family Characteristics? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162947
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalinakova, Klara, Radek Trnka, Ludmila Bartuskova, Petr Glogar, Natalia Kascakova, Michal Kalman, Jitse P. van Dijk, and Peter Tavel. 2019. "Are Adolescent Religious Attendance/Spirituality Associated with Family Characteristics?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162947