Comparison of Short-Term Associations between PM2.5 Components and Mortality across Six Major Cities in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. PM2.5 and PM2.5 Components
2.3. Mortality
2.4. Meteorology
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City | N | PM2.5 (µg/m3) | PM2.5 Components | Mortality | Meteorology | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC (µg/m) | OC (µg/m3) | NO3− (µg/m3) | SO42− (µg/m3) | Pb (ng/m3) | Ni (ng/m3) | Si (ng/m3) | V (ng/m3) | Cu (ng/m3) | Zn (ng/m3) | K (ng/m3) | Non- Accidental | CVD | RD | Temp (°C) | RH (%) | |||
Seoul | 517 | 27.1 (18.5) | 1.9 (0.9) | 4.8 (2.3) | 4.7 (5.8) | 6.9 (5.7) | 28.8 (29.1) | 2.2 (2.1) | 768.3 (629.4) | 5.7 (5.8) | 7.9 (7.1) | 67.9 (54.1) | 349.8 (264.7) | 104.2 | 21.9 | 9.2 | 13.2 | 60.9 |
Busan | 283 | 23.7 (13.1) | 0.8 (0.6) | 4.7 (2.3) | 2.4 (3.3) | 6.1 (4.8) | 24.0 (17.3) | 3.9 (3.0) | 565.1 (532.5) | 8.5 (8.9) | 7.5 (5.5) | 78.4 (49.0) | 255.8 (171.6) | 50.3 | 14.0 | 5.0 | 15.3 | 63.5 |
Daegu | 286 | 23.4 (14.0) | 0.8 (0.9) | 5.0 (3.1) | 2.6 (3.7) | 4.8 (3.4) | 22.7 (17.5) | 2.0 (1.4) | 564.1 (488.4) | 2.6 (2.4) | 7.1 (7.1) | 134.9 (138.1) | 261.3 (182.5) | 31.4 | 8.7 | 3.4 | 15.0 | 59.3 |
Gwangju | 486 | 26.0 (16.5) | 1.8 (1.1) | 4.5 (1.8) | 3.4 (4.9) | 6.7 (5.6) | 28.9 (24.8) | 1.9 (2.0) | 801.7 (682.0) | 4.1 (3.9) | 6.1 (8.1) | 69.2 (45.0) | 352.3 (268.5) | 17.3 | 4.1 | 2.2 | 14.4 | 66.7 |
Daejeon | 437 | 27.9 (17.0) | 2.2 (1.0) | 4.7 (1.8) | 4.5 (5.9) | 6.7 (5.1) | 27.5 (24.5) | 2.1 (2.3) | 744.8 (766.2) | 3.6 (3.1) | 6.1 (5.1) | 64.4 (44.2) | 328.8 (251.1) | 16.2 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 13.5 | 71.7 |
Ulsan | 247 | 22.3 (12.9) | 0.7 (0.6) | 3.8 (2.1) | 1.8 (2.7) | 5.6 (4.5) | 21.9 (21.2) | 2.8 (2.7) | 646.2 (676.3) | 6.3 (8.0) | 5.7 (5.5) | 65.1 (50.6) | 224.7 (163.5) | 11.6 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 14.9 | 63.1 |
EC | OC | NO3− | SO42− | Pb | Ni | Si | V | Cu | Zn | K | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 0.58 (0.41–0.78) | 0.72 (0.48–0.83) | 0.76 (0.49–0.85) | 0.68 (0.57–0.74) | 0.72 (0.61–0.81) | 0.50 (0.34–0.61) | 0.52 (0.41–0.62) | 0.39 (0.33–0.48) | 0.57 (0.33–0.62) | 0.68 (0.56–0.76) | 0.76 (0.63–0.81) |
EC | 0.62 (0.08–0.77) | 0.46 (0.25–0.70) | 0.34 (0.27–0.40) | 0.46 (0.27–0.61) | 0.23 (0.10–0.31) | 0.19 (0.04–0.42) | 0.15 (0.01–0.19) | 0.36 (0.21–0.49) | 0.42 (0.29–0.58) | 0.49 (0.25–0.67) | |
OC | 0.60 (0.39–0.69) | 0.37 (0.29–0.53) | 0.55 (0.31–0.68) | 0.35 (0.22–0.49) | 0.38 (0.34–0.45) | 0.25 (0.13–0.34) | 0.45 (0.28–0.53) | 0.54 (0.46–0.65) | 0.63 (0.39–0.71) | ||
NO3− | 0.32 (0.20–0.42) | 0.59 (0.41–0.72) | 0.24 (0.08–0.42) | 0.27 (0.13–0.34) | 0.07 (−0.14–0.28) | 0.52 (0.26–0.56) | 0.50 (0.35–0.59) | 0.62 (0.52–0.67) | |||
SO42− | 0.50 (0.42–0.57) | 0.46 (0.24–0.52) | 0.37 (0.32–0.44) | 0.48 (0.36–0.53) | 0.32 (0.15–0.44) | 0.48 (0.27–0.55) | 0.46 (0.44–0.49) | ||||
Pb | 0.46 (0.30–0.62) | 0.47 (0.36–0.51) | 0.35 (0.11–0.54) | 0.70 (0.46–0.85) | 0.72 (0.58–0.87) | 0.72 (0.57–0.81) | |||||
Ni | 0.36 (0.20–0.45) | 0.75 (0.46–0.91) | 0.58 (0.40–0.72) | 0.61 (0.41–0.70) | 0.38 (0.24–0.48) | ||||||
Si | 0.44 (0.23–0.50) | 0.39 (0.25–0.47) | 0.48 (0.34–0.58) | 0.67 (0.62–0.74) | |||||||
V | 0.43 (−0.02–0.57) | 0.49 (0.11–0.59) | 0.32 (−0.01–0.45) | ||||||||
Cu | 0.76 (0.46–0.88) | 0.56 (0.42–0.66) | |||||||||
Zn | 0.65 (0.52–0.74) |
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Yoo, S.-E.; Park, J.-S.; Lee, S.H.; Park, C.-H.; Lee, C.-W.; Lee, S.-B.; Yu, S.D.; Kim, S.-Y.; Kim, H. Comparison of Short-Term Associations between PM2.5 Components and Mortality across Six Major Cities in South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162872
Yoo S-E, Park J-S, Lee SH, Park C-H, Lee C-W, Lee S-B, Yu SD, Kim S-Y, Kim H. Comparison of Short-Term Associations between PM2.5 Components and Mortality across Six Major Cities in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162872
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoo, Si-Eun, Jin-Soo Park, Soo Hyun Lee, Choong-Hee Park, Chul-Woo Lee, Sang-Bo Lee, Seung Do Yu, Sun-Young Kim, and Ho Kim. 2019. "Comparison of Short-Term Associations between PM2.5 Components and Mortality across Six Major Cities in South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162872