Bone Health and Its Relationship with Impact Loading and the Continuity of Physical Activity throughout School Periods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Bone Status
2.3. Impact-Loading PA
2.4. Continuity of PA
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Impact-Loading PA Was Associated with Bone Status
3.3. PA Continuity Was Associated with Bone Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Impact-Loading | Characteristics | Sports |
---|---|---|
High-impact | Includes maximal vertical jumps and ground impacts | Volleyball |
Basketball | ||
Handball | ||
Ballet | ||
Rhythmic gymnastics | ||
Odd-impact | Involves rapid turns and stops with ground impacts | Football |
Tennis | ||
Field hockey | ||
Multisport * | ||
Karate | ||
Judo | ||
Boxing | ||
Rugby | ||
Basque pelote | ||
Ice skating | ||
Crossfit | ||
High-magnitude | Slow and well-coordinated movements that apply maximal muscle force without ground impacts | Weightlifting |
Repetitive low-impact | Ground impacts during long-lasting performances at a relatively constant speed | Jogging |
Aerobics | ||
Zumba | ||
Modern dance | ||
Tug of war | ||
Ping pong | ||
Repetitive nonimpact | Muscle forces during long-lasting performances without ground impact | Water polo |
Swimming | ||
Spinning | ||
Surfing | ||
Canoeing | ||
Equestrianism |
Impact-Loading | Primary School (6–11 Years) | Secondary School (12–15 Years) | High School (16–17 Years) | University (18–21 Years) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Federated * | n (%) | Federated * | n (%) | Federated * | n (%) | Federated * | |
46 (33.3) | 110 (80.9) | 79 (67.5) | 46 (49.5) | |||||
High-impact | 32 (22.1) | 11 (34.4) | 41 (28.3) | 40 (97.6) | 31 (21.4) | 30 (96.8) | 20 (13.8) | 15 (75) |
Odd-impact | 81 (55.9) | 30 (37) | 64 (44.1) | 54 (84.4) | 44 (30.3) | 37 (84.1) | 31 (21.4) | 21 (67.7) |
High-magnitude | – | – | – | – | 3 (2.1) | 0 | 8 (5.5) | 0 |
Repetitive low-impact | 7 (4.8) | 1 (14.3) | 16 (11.1) | 4 (25) | 20 (13.8) | 3 (15) | 24 (16.5) | 3 (12.5) |
Repetitive nonimpact | 18 (12.4) | 4 (22.2) | 15 (10.3) | 12 (80) | 19 (13.1) | 9 (47.4) | 10 (6.9) | 7 (70) |
Nonsport | 7 (4.8) | – | 9 (6.2) | – | 28 (19.3) | – | 52 (35.9) | – |
Continuity | n (%) |
---|---|
Nonsport | 1 (0.7) |
Continuous | |
Primary school (6–11 years) | 133 (91.7) |
Secondary school (12–15 years) | 127 (87.6) |
High school (16–17 years) | 114 (78.6) |
University (18–21 years) | 85 (58.6) |
Noncontinuous | 11 (7.6) |
Impact-Loading | Primary School (6–11 Years) | Secondary School (12–15 Years) | High School (16–17 Years) | University (18–21 Years) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | p | Mean ± SD | p | Mean ± SD | p | Mean ± SD | p | |
0.082 | 0.027 | 0.002 | 0.016 | |||||
High-impact | 123 ± 18 # | 120 ± 19 †,‡ | 124 ± 18 ‡ | 127 ± 17 †,‡ | ||||
Odd-impact | 117 ± 20 | 119 ± 22 | 122 ± 21 ß | 124 ± 24 ß | ||||
High-magnitude | — | — | 116 ± 33 | 118 ± 21 | ||||
Repetitive low-impact | 121 ± 20 | 107 ± 11 | 114 ± 8.7 | 114 ± 13 | ||||
Repetitive nonimpact | 110 ± 20 | 123 ± 17 § | 117 ± 22 | 117 ± 25 | ||||
Nonsport | 105 ± 20 | 102 ± 19 | 104 ± 18 | 111 ± 18 |
Continuity | Mean ± SD | P |
---|---|---|
0.007 | ||
Primary school (6–11 years) | 104 ± 22 # | |
Secondary school (12–15 years) | 104 ± 17 † | |
High school (16–17 years) | 117 ± 17 | |
University (18–21 years) | 122 ± 20 | |
Noncontinuous | 109 ± 20 |
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Hervás, G.; Ruiz-Litago, F.; Irazusta, J.; Irazusta, A.; Sanz, B.; Gil-Goikouria, J.; Fraile-Bermudez, A.B.; Pérez-Rodrigo, C.; Zarrazquin, I. Bone Health and Its Relationship with Impact Loading and the Continuity of Physical Activity throughout School Periods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162834
Hervás G, Ruiz-Litago F, Irazusta J, Irazusta A, Sanz B, Gil-Goikouria J, Fraile-Bermudez AB, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Zarrazquin I. Bone Health and Its Relationship with Impact Loading and the Continuity of Physical Activity throughout School Periods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162834
Chicago/Turabian StyleHervás, Gotzone, Fatima Ruiz-Litago, Jon Irazusta, Amaia Irazusta, Begoña Sanz, Javier Gil-Goikouria, Ana Belen Fraile-Bermudez, Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo, and Idoia Zarrazquin. 2019. "Bone Health and Its Relationship with Impact Loading and the Continuity of Physical Activity throughout School Periods" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162834