Glyphosate’s Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Environmental Condition of People with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology
3. The Web of Causation of CKDu
4. Glyphosate as a Glycine Analogue
5. Glyphosate and Phosphate Binding
6. Synergy between Glyphosate and Other Toxic Elements
6.1. Glyphosate and Cytochrome P450 Impairment
6.2. Glyphosate and Toxic Metals
6.3. Hyperphosphorylation and Tubular Fibrosis Following Injury
6.4. Paraquat and MATE1
6.5. Impaired Antioxidant Defenses
6.6. Aquaporins and Dehydration
6.7. Cyanobacteria and Glyphosate
6.8. Mycotoxins and Sulfotransferases
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein | Fold Increased |
---|---|
D,D-dipeptide permease system, ATP-binding component | 2.83 |
ATP-binding protein of nickel transport system | 2.24 |
ATP-binding component of transport system for glycine, betaine and proline | 12.96 |
Fused D-allose transporter subunits of ABC superfamily: ATP-binding components | 2.03 |
ATP-binding component of transport system for maltose | 2.38 |
Putative ATP-binding sugar transporter | 2.10 |
Flagellum-specific ATP synthase | 2.07 |
Putative ATP-binding component of a transport system | 3.04 |
Putative part of putative ATP-binding component of a transport system | 2.31 |
Putative ATP-binding component of a transport system | 2.30 |
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Gunatilake, S.; Seneff, S.; Orlando, L. Glyphosate’s Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152734
Gunatilake S, Seneff S, Orlando L. Glyphosate’s Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(15):2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152734
Chicago/Turabian StyleGunatilake, Sarath, Stephanie Seneff, and Laura Orlando. 2019. "Glyphosate’s Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152734