Secular Trends in Lipid Profiles in Korean Adults Based on the 2005–2015 KNHANES
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Anthropometric and Laboratory Measurements
2.3. Lipid Profiles, and Related Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Sample
3.2. Lipid Profiles
3.3. Lipid-lowering Medications
3.4. Lipid Profile According to Treatment of Lipid Lowering Drug
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age Group | III (2005) | IV (2007–2009) | V (2010–2012) | VI (2013–2015) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total, unweighted N | 24752 | 16359 | 17243 | 15536 |
Age (years, mean ± SE) | 43.6 ± 0.4 | 44.8 ± 0.3 | 45.7 ± 0.2 | 46.6 ± 0.2 |
Men, unweighted N (%) | 11501 (46.5) | 6905 (42.2) | 7249 (42.1) | 6560 (42.2) |
Age (years, mean ± SE) | 42.8 ± 0.4 | 43.8 ± 0.4 | 44.7 ± 0.3 | 45.5 ± 0.3 |
20–29 years (%) | 21.7 (1.5) | 20.2 (0.9) | 19.0 (0.8) | 18.7 (0.7) |
30–39 years (%) | 25.0 (1.4) | 23.3 (0.9) | 21.6 (0.7) | 20.0 (0.7) |
40–49 years (%) | 23.8 (1.1) | 23.4 (0.8) | 23.0 (0.7) | 21.6 (0.6) |
50–59 years (%) | 14.7 (0.9) | 16.7 (0.6) | 18.8 (0.6) | 20.2 (0.6) |
≥60 years (%) | 14.9 (0.8) | 16.3 (0.6) | 17.5 (0.6) | 19.6 (0.6) |
Women, unweighted N (%) | 13251 (53.5) | 9454 (57.8) | 9994 (57.9) | 8976 (57.8) |
Age (years, mean ± SE) | 42.8 ± 0.4 | 43.8 ± 0.3 | 44.7 ± 0.3 | 45.5 ± 0.3 |
20–29 years (%) | 20.5 (1.4) | 18.4 (0.7) | 17.0 (0.6) | 15.9 (0.6) |
30–39 years (%) | 23.1 (1.1) | 21.7 (0.7) | 20.4 (0.6) | 18.8 (0.6) |
40–49 years (%) | 22.3 (1.0) | 22.1 (0.7) | 21.6 (0.6) | 21.1 (0.6) |
50–59 years (%) | 14.3 (0.7) | 16.3 (0.5) | 18.6 (0.5) | 20.0 (0.5) |
≥60 years (%) | 19.9 (0.9) | 21.4 (0.7) | 22.6 (0.6) | 24.2 (0.6) |
With Lipid-lowering Medication | ||||||||
Men | Women | |||||||
KNHANES Phase | III | IV | V | VI | III | IV | V | VI |
N (%) | 110 (1.0) | 175 (2.5) | 380 (5.2) | 437 (6.7) | 177 (1.3) | 349 (3.7) | 686 (6.9) | 889 (9.9) |
Age (years) *,† | 52.4 ± 1.9 | 55.5 ± 1.0 | 57.7 ± 0.7 | 58.8 ± 0.7 | 59.9 ± 1.2 | 60.7 ± 0.7 | 62.6 ± 0.5 | 63.5 ± 0.4 |
BMI (kg/m²) *,† | 25.9 ± 0.4 | 25.8 ± 0.3 | 25.4 ± 0.2 | 25.0 ± 0.2 | 25.1 ± 0.3 | 25.8 ± 0.3 | 25.6 ± 0.2 | 24.9 ± 0.1 |
WC (cm) *,† | 91.4 ± 2.7 | 90.1 ± 0.7 | 89.3 ± 0.6 | 88.1 ± 0.5 | 85.6 ± 0.8 | 86.7 ± 0.7 | 85.8 ± 0.6 | 83.8 ± 0.4 |
SBP (mmHg) *,† | 131.8 ± 2.5 | 128.4 ± 1.6 | 124.9 ± 0.9 | 123.0 ± 0.7 | 124.9 ± 3.0 | 127.7 ± 1.0 | 128.5 ± 0.8 | 125.7 ± 0.7 |
DBP (mmHg) *,† | 84.5 ± 1.5 | 83.3 ± 0.9 | 79.5 ± 0.6 | 77.0 ± 0.5 | 76.5 ± 1.7 | 79.6 ± 0.6 | 75.8 ± 0.5 | 74.5 ± 0.4 |
FPG (mg/dL) † | 107.2 ± 3.4 | 112.2 ± 2.7 | 115.0 ± 2.1 | 111.9 ± 1.4 | 111.3 ± 5.2 | 109.6 ± 2.0 | 110.0 ± 1.8 | 107.9 ± 1.1 |
Monthly household income *,† | 2650 ± 318 | 3647 ± 825 | 4737 ± 709 | 3851 ± 181 | 1814 ± 178 | 3732 ± 104.4 | 3520 ± 425 | 3005 ± 141 |
Occupation (%) | ||||||||
Office worker *,† | 35.7 ± 10.3 | 32.0 ± 4.3 | 20.5 ± 2.7 | 24.7 ± 2.5 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 2.0 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 6.6 ± 1.0 |
Manual worker *,† | 45.0 ± 7.6 | 32.3 ± 4.1 | 46.2 ± 3.4 | 42.3 ± 2.8 | 27.2 ± 4.4 | 25.1 ± 3.0 | 26.5 ± 2.2 | 29.7 ± 1.8 |
Other† | 19.3 ± 7.4 | 35.7 ± 4.1 | 33.3 ± 3.1 | 33.0 ± 2.7 | 70.4 ± 4.4 | 70.4 ± 3.2 | 70.0 ± 2.2 | 63.7 ± 1.9 |
Education duration (%) | ||||||||
<6 years† | 21.4 ± 6.3 | 13.9 ± 2.7 | 22.0 ± 2.8 | 18.7 ± 2.1 | 63.0 ± 6.7 | 57.0 ± 3.5 | 60.1 ± 2.5 | 51.8 ± 2.1 |
6–8 years *,† | 11.2 ± 4.6 | 20.6 ± 4.0 | 19.6 ± 2.6 | 14.9 ± 2.0 | 10.4 ± 4.7 | 15.8 ± 2.7 | 14.2 ± 1.7 | 15.0 ± 1.5 |
9–11 years † | 48.4 ± 8.9 | 27.5 ± 3.9 | 32.9 ± 3.3 | 34.5 ± 2.9 | 17.0 ± 3.2 | 18.4 ± 2.5 | 20.1 ± 2.1 | 22.4 ± 1.6 |
≥12 years † | 18.9 ± 7.8 | 37.9 ± 5.2 | 25.4 ± 2.8 | 31.9 ± 2.8 | 9.6 ± 4.2 | 8.8 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 10.9 ± 1.3 |
Without lipid-lowering medication | ||||||||
Men | Women | |||||||
KNHANES Phase | III | IV | V | VI | III | IV | V | VI |
N (%) | 11391 (99.0) | 6730 (97.5) | 6869 (94.8) | 6123 (93.3) | 13074 (96.3) | 9105 (93.1) | 9308 (93.1) | 8087 (90.1) |
Age (years) *,† | 42.7 ± 0.4 | 43.5 ± 0.3 | 44.2 ± 0.3 | 44.9 ± 0.3 | 44.3 ± 0.4 | 45.4 ± 0.3 | 45.9 ± 0.3 | 46.3 ± 0.3 |
BMI (kg/m²) * | 23.9 ± 0.1 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 24.1 ± 0.1 | 24.3 ± 0.0 | 23.3 ± 0.1 | 23.2 ± 0.0 | 23.2 ± 0.1 | 23.1 ± 0.0 |
WC (cm) *,† | 83.6 ± 0.3 | 84.2 ± 0.2 | 84.0 ± 0.2 | 84.7 ± 0.1 | 77.9 ± 0.3 | 78.3 ± 0.2 | 77.6 ± 0.2 | 77.4 ± 0.2 |
SBP (mmHg) | 121.0 ± 0.4 | 119.0 ± 0.3 | 120.6 ± 0.3 | 119.1 ± 0.2 | 114.7 ± 0.5 | 113.4 ± 0.3 | 115.4 ± 0.3 | 113.4 ± 0.3 |
DBP (mmHg) *,† | 80.2 ± 0.4 | 79.5 ± 0.2 | 79.4 ± 0.2 | 77.8 ± 0.2 | 74.1 ± 0.3 | 73.5 ± 0.2 | 73.7 ± 0.1 | 72.4 ± 0.2 |
FPG (mg/dL) *,† | 95.2 ± 0.5 | 97.1 ± 0.4 | 97.9 ± 0.3 | 100.4 ± 0.3 | 92.1 ± 0.5 | 94.1 ± 0.3 | 94.1 ± 0.3 | 95.9 ± 0.3 |
Monthly household income *,† | 2442 ± 58 | 3108 ± 86 | 4703 ± 186 | 3961 ± 66 | 2374 ± 64 | 2914 ± 74 | 4404 ± 136 | 3769 ± 62 |
Occupation (%) | ||||||||
Office worker *,† | 24.5 ± 1.3 | 28.1 ± 0.8 | 29.5 ± 0.8 | 31.4 ± 0.9 | 15.1 ± 1.0 | 17.3 ± 0.6 | 19.9 ± 0.6 | 22.9 ± 0.6 |
Manual worker * | 52.1 ± 1.5 | 48.5 ± 0.9 | 50.0 ± 0.9 | 45.3 ± 0.9 | 30.6 ± 1.2 | 28.7 ± 0.7 | 32.8 ± 0.7 | 29.2 ± 0.7 |
Other † | 23.4 ± 1.2 | 23.4 ± 0.8 | 20.4 ± 0.7 | 23.4 ± 0.7 | 54.4 ± 1.3 | 53.9 ± 0.8 | 47.3 ± 0.7 | 47.9 ± 0.7 |
Education duration (%) | ||||||||
<6 years *,† | 11.8 ± 0.7 | 13.2 ± 0.6 | 11.6 ± 0.5 | 11.0 ± 0.5 | 26.0 ± 1.2 | 25.9 ± 0.8 | 23.6 ± 0.7 | 19.5 ± 0.7 |
6–8 years *,† | 9.8 ± 0.7 | 10.3 ± 0.5 | 10.0 ± 0.5 | 8.4 ± 0.4 | 11.0 ± 0.7 | 10.4 ± 0.4 | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 9.1 ± 0.4 |
9–11 years *,† | 43.3 ± 1.5 | 41.4 ± 1.0 | 41.2 ± 0.8 | 40.2 ± 0.9 | 38.1 ± 1.2 | 37.7 ± 0.8 | 35.8 ± 0.7 | 35.6 ± 0.7 |
≥12 years † | 35.1 ± 1.5 | 35.1 ± 1.0 | 37.2 ± 0.9 | 40.4 ± 0.9 | 24.9 ± 1.4 | 26.0 ± 0.8 | 30.7 ± 0.8 | 35.8 ± 0.8 |
KNHANES Phase | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
III | IV | V | VI | III | IV | V | VI | |
TC (mg/dL) | ||||||||
Age-adjusted **‡ | 183.4 ± 0.9 | 185.5 ± 0.6 | 187.5 ± 0.6 | 187.7 ± 0.5 | 184.3 ± 0.7 | 187.7 ± 0.5 | 188.7 ± 0.5 | 187.9 ± 0.5 |
20–29 years ‡ | 173.3 ± 2.3 | 171.8 ± 1.4 | 174.6 ± 1.6 | 174.4 ± 1.2 | 165.4 ± 1.7 | 170.2 ± 1.2 | 170.5 ± 1.1 | 173.7 ± 1.0 |
30–39 years **‡ | 183.3 ± 1.7 | 188.0 ± 1.0 | 192.7 ± 1.1 | 193.6 ± 1.3 | 172.8 ± 1.4 | 175.7 ± 0.8 | 179.8 ± 1.0 | 180.1 ± 0.8 |
40–49 years ‡ | 191.7 ± 1.8 | 194.8 ± 1.2 | 194.1 ± 1.1 | 197.1 ± 1.1 | 183.3 ± 1.4 | 185.4 ± 0.8 | 189.0 ± 1.0 | 189.1 ± 0.9 |
50–59 years | 187.3 ± 1.8 | 189.6 ± 1.3 | 193.2 ± 1.3 | 191.2 ± 1.1 | 200.4 ± 2.0 | 203.6 ± 1.3 | 205.1 ± 1.1 | 202.2 ± 0.9 |
60+ years ‡ | 183.1 ± 1.8 | 183.5 ± 1.1 | 182.9 ± 0.9 | 181.8 ± 0.9 | 200.2 ± 1.5 | 203.6 ± 1.1 | 198.9 ± 0.8 | 195.4 ± 0.9 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | ||||||||
Age-adjusted **‡ | 42.4 ± 0.3 | 45.5 ± 0.2 | 46.9 ± 0.2 | 47.6 ± 0.2 | 47.3 ± 0.3 | 50.7 ± 0.2 | 52.7 ± 0.2 | 54.8 ± 0.2 |
20–29 years ‡ | 44.5 ± 0.7 | 47.5 ± 0.4 | 48.7 ± 0.5 | 50.2 ± 0.4 | 49.7 ± 0.6 | 55.0 ± 0.4 | 56.2 ± 0.5 | 58.5 ± 0.4 |
30–39 years ‡ | 41.7 ± 0.4 | 44.7 ± 0.3 | 46.9 ± 0.4 | 47.4 ± 0.4 | 48.5 ± 0.5 | 51.7 ± 0.3 | 54.7 ± 0.4 | 56.6 ± 0.4 |
40–49 years ‡ | 42.0 ± 0.5 | 45.6 ± 0.4 | 46.0 ± 0.3 | 46.9 ± 0.4 | 47.3 ± 0.5 | 50.5 ± 0.3 | 52.4 ± 0.3 | 55.2 ± 0.3 |
50–59 years ‡ | 40.8 ± 0.6 | 45.1 ± 0.3 | 46.4 ± 0.4 | 46.7 ± 0.3 | 46.7 ± 0.6 | 49.9 ± 0.3 | 51.8 ± 0.3 | 53.8 ± 0.3 |
60+ years ‡ | 43.1 ± 0.6 | 44.6 ± 0.3 | 46.5 ± 0.3 | 46.7 ± 0.3 | 44.5 ± 0.4 | 46.5 ± 0.3 | 48.5 ± 0.3 | 50.0 ± 0.3 |
TG (mg/dL) | ||||||||
Age-adjusted **‡ | 155.7 ± 3.6 | 152.9 ± 1.7 | 154.4 ± 2.0 | 163.5 ± 2.0 | 113.4 ± 1.5 | 113.6 ± 1.1 | 111.6 ± 1.2 | 109.3 ± 1.0 |
20–29 years | 113.6 ± 5.5 | 120.3 ± 2.9 | 117.0 ± 4.3 | 120.5 ± 3.8 | 85.1 ± 2.6 | 84.1 ± 2.2 | 81.8 ± 1.8 | 81.4 ± 2.0 |
30–39 years | 158.6 ± 8.2 | 156.3 ± 3.4 | 156.3 ± 4.0 | 176.2 ± 5.2 | 93.2 ± 2.3 | 94.1 ± 1.8 | 94.7 ± 2.2 | 94.7 ± 2.2 |
40–49 years | 183.9 ± 8.6 | 177.4 ± 4.3 | 176.1 ± 4.9 | 150.2 ± 1.1 | 111.1 ± 3.4 | 109.7 ± 1.8 | 112.1 ± 4.1 | 106.2 ± 1.9 |
50–59 years | 183.7 ± 9.2 | 166.8 ± 4.3 | 182.1 ± 5.2 | 179.1 ± 4.8 | 135.1 ± 5.5 | 131.7 ± 2.6 | 128.8 ± 2.4 | 129.0 ± 2.6 |
60+ years ‡ | 140.6 ± 5.0 | 143.9 ± 2.7 | 142.2 ± 2.5 | 146.7 ± 2.9 | 143.5 ± 3.6 | 148.7 ± 2.4 | 140.4 ± 1.8 | 136.0 ± 1.8 |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | ||||||||
Age-adjusted ‡ | 141.1 ± 0.8 | 140.0 ± 0.6 | 140.6 ± 0.6 | 140.0 ± 0.5 | 137.0 ± 0.7 | 136.9 ± 0.5 | 136.0 ± 0.4 | 133.1 ± 0.4 |
20–29 years | 128.9 ± 2.2 | 124.3 ± 1.4 | 125.9 ± 1.6 | 124.3 ± 1.3 | 115.7 ± 1.5 | 115.2 ± 1.1 | 114.3 ± 1.0 | 115.2 ± 1.0 |
30–39 years | 141.6 ± 1.6 | 143.3 ± 1.0 | 145.8 ± 1.2 | 146.1 ± 1.3 | 124.3 ± 1.2 | 124.0 ± 0.8 | 125.2 ± 0.9 | 123.5 ± 0.8 |
40–49 years | 149.7 ± 1.7 | 149.2 ± 1.2 | 148.1 ± 1.1 | 150.2 ± 1.1 | 135.9 ± 1.2 | 134.8 ± 0.8 | 136.6 ± 1.0 | 133.9 ± 0.9 |
50–59 years ‡ | 146.5 ± 1.8 | 144.5 ± 1.3 | 146.8 ± 1.3 | 144.5 ± 1.2 | 153.6 ± 1.9 | 153.8 ± 1.2 | 153.3 ± 1.0 | 148.4 ± 0.9 |
60+ years **‡ | 140.0 ± 1.8 | 139.0 ± 1.1 | 136.4 ± 0.8 | 135.2 ± 0.9 | 155.7 ± 1.5 | 157.1 ± 1.1 | 150.4 ± 0.8 | 145.4 ± 0.9 |
KNHANES Phase | III | IV | V | VI | P value | β-coefficient | P for Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | |||||||
With use of lipid-lowering medication | |||||||
TC (mg/dL) | 195.7 ± 3.0 | 185.7 ± 0.1 | 183.2 ± 0.1 | 174.6 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | −6.260 | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 240.4 ± 18.5 | 209.5 ± 0.6 | 220.6 ± 0.8 | 213.0 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | −2.173 | 0.558 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 38.2 ± 0.6 | 43.6 ± 0.0 | 44.0 ± 0.0 | 45.4 ± 0.0 | <0.001 | 1.431 | <0.001 |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 157.5 ± 3.1 | 142.1 ± 0.1 | 139.2 ± 0.1 | 129.1 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | −7.691 | <0.001 |
Without use of lipid-lowering medication | |||||||
TC (mg/dL) | 183.6 ± 0.9 | 185.8 ± 0.6 | 188.2 ± 0.6 | 188.9 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 1.735 | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 155.0 ± 3.6 | 152.3 ± 1.6 | 153.2 ± 2.1 | 162.8 ± 2.1 | 0.004 | 3.446 | 0.004 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 42.4 ± 0.3 | 45.5 ± 0.2 | 46.9 ± 0.2 | 47.6 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 1.451 | <0.001 |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 141.2 ± 0.8 | 140.3 ± 0.6 | 141.3 ± 0.6 | 141.3 ± 0.5 | ns | 0.282 | ns |
Women | |||||||
With use of lipid-lowering medication | |||||||
TC (mg/dL) | 195.2 ± 2.4 | 184.9 ± 0.0 | 175.4 ± 0.0 | 172.0 ± 0.0 | <0.001 | −6.331 | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 172.6 ± 7.7 | 153.2 ± 0.0 | 139.3 ± 0.1 | 136.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | −8.775 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.1 ± 1.2 | 50.9 ± 0.0 | 51.8 ± 0.0 | 54.7 ± 0.0 | <0.001 | 2.224 | <0.001 |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 149.1 ± 1.8 | 133.9 ± 0.0 | 123.6 ± 0.0 | 117.4 ± 0.0 | <0.001 | −8.555 | <0.001 |
Without use of lipid-lowering medication | |||||||
TC (mg/dL) | 184.4 ± 0.7 | 188.1 ± 0.5 | 190.0 ± 0.5 | 190.1 0.5 | <0.001 | 1.593 | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 112.9 ± 1.5 | 113.1 ± 1.1 | 111.4 ± 1.1 | 109.2 1.0 | ns | −1.520 | 0.010 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.3 ± 0.2 | 50.7 ± 0.2 | 52.7 ± 0.2 | 54.8 0.2 | <0.001 | 2.300 | <0.001 |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 137.1 ± 0.7 | 137.4 ± 0.5 | 137.3 ± 0.4 | 135.3 0.4 | 0.012 | −0.708 | 0.006 |
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Kwon, Y.-J.; Lee, J.-W.; Kang, H.-T. Secular Trends in Lipid Profiles in Korean Adults Based on the 2005–2015 KNHANES. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142555
Kwon Y-J, Lee J-W, Kang H-T. Secular Trends in Lipid Profiles in Korean Adults Based on the 2005–2015 KNHANES. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(14):2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142555
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Yu-Jin, Jae-Woo Lee, and Hee-Taik Kang. 2019. "Secular Trends in Lipid Profiles in Korean Adults Based on the 2005–2015 KNHANES" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142555