Simulation of Heavy Metals Migration in Soil-Wheat System of Mining Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Sites and Scheme
2.2. Samples Collection and Chemical Analysis
2.3. Data Processing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Concentration Characteristics of Cr, Pb, and Zn in Soil-Wheat System
3.2. Change Rates of Cr, Pb, and Zn Concentrations in the Soil-Wheat System
3.3. Migration Distributions of Cr, Pb, and Zn Concentrations in the Soil-Wheat System
3.4. Risk Index of Cr, Pb, and Zn in Soil-Wheat System
3.5. Identical-Discrepant-Contrary (IDC) Gray Connection Model
3.6. Curvilinear Regression Model
3.7. Allocation Estimation Model
3.8. Selection and Verification of Optimal Model
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Samples | Bulk Density g (cm3)−1 | Porosity % | Moisture Content % | Organic Matter mg·kg−1 | pH | Heavy Metal Concentrations mg·kg−1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Pb | Zn | ||||||
n = 10 | 1.23 ± 0.08 | 48.74 ± 0.33 | 20.33 ± 0.41 | 12.18 ± 0.73 | 7.89 ± 0.12 | 33.58 ± 0.52 | 8.74 ± 0.65 | 26.74 ± 1.58 |
Type | Heavy Metal | Site | Year | Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | MAC-IIa | BV b | LC c | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F value | P value | ||||||||||||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | ||||||||||
Years | Sites | Years | Sites | ||||||||||
Soil mg·kg−1 | Cr | addition | 45.22 ± 12.13 | 41.01 ± 14.56 | 47.68 ± 7.99 | 62.43 ± 10.68 | 15.262 | 0.209 | <0.05 | 0.649 | 350 | 55.50 | - |
control | 34.96 ± 7.33 | 36.30 ± 5.18 | 51.46 ± 24.96 | 67.92 ± 12.83 | - | ||||||||
Pb | addition | 17.14 ± 9.19 | 27.22 ± 11.90 | 23.73 ± 9.96 | 12.23 ± 6.73 | 5.142 | 14.660 | <0.05 | <0.05 | 350 | 16.30 | - | |
control | 9.80 ± 1.11 | 14.69 ± 1.22 | 14.73 ± 3.05 | 16.00 ± 2.01 | - | ||||||||
Zn | addition | 46.45 ± 7.15 | 26.33 ± 1.94 | 37.33 ± 6.81 | 46.31 ± 5.29 | 84.804 | 3.167 | <0.05 | 0.079 | 300 | 91.10 | - | |
control | 46.32 ± 5.74 | 23.26 ± 2.31 | 33.12 ± 2.30 | 46.34 ± 2.82 | - | ||||||||
Cr addition-control d | 7.26 ± 3.56 | 4.71 ± 1.48 | −3.78 ± 1.33 | −5.49 ± 1.19 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Pb addition-control e | 7.33 ± 2.31 | 12.53 ± 4.28 | 9.00 ± 2.48 | −3.77 ± 0.59 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Zn addition-control f | 8.37 ± 2.73 | 3.07 ± 1.59 | 4.21 ± 1.40 | −0.03 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Wheat mg·kg−1 | Cr | addition | 4.16 ± 1.99 | 1.72 ± 0.85 | 2.98 ± 1.14 | 4.33 ± 0.69 | 7.718 | 2.116 | <0.05 | 0.999 | - | - | 1.0 |
control | 3.14 ± 0.55 | 1.96 ± 1.30 | 3.06 ± 1.19 | 3.42 ± 0.69 | |||||||||
Pb | addition | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 35.978 | 3.462 | <0.05 | 0.067 | - | - | 0.2 | |
control | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | |||||||||
Zn | addition | 32.63 ± 4.26 | 20.03 ± 1.81 | 30.98 ± 5.16 | 32.37 ± 4.60 | 18.294 | 38.520 | <0.05 | 0.032 | - | - | 50 | |
control | 25.78 ± 2.68 | 22.69 ± 1.81 | 23.76 ± 2.47 | 23.51 ± 3.20 | |||||||||
Cr addition-control g | 1.02 ± 0.38 | −0.24 ± 0.23 | −0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Pb addition-control h | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Zn addition-control i | 6.85 ± 2.26 | −2.66 ± 1.05 | 7.22 ± 2.84 | 8.85 ± 3.95 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Type | Heavy Metal | Site | Year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |||
Soil | Cr | addition | 1.63 ± 0.44 | 1.48 ± 0.52 | 1.72 ±0.29 | 2.25 ± 0.39 |
control | 1.26 ± 0.26 | 1.31 ± 0.19 | 1.85 ± 0.89 | 2.45 ± 0.46 | ||
Pb | addition | 5.26± 1.41 | 8.35 ± 1.65 | 7.28 ± 2.06 | 3.75 ± 1.06 | |
control | 3.01± 0.34 | 4.51 ± 0.38 | 4.52 ± 0.93 | 4.91 ± 0.62 | ||
Zn | addition | 0.93± 0.08 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | 0.75 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | |
control | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 0.47 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 0.97 ± 0.04 | ||
Wheat | Cr | addition | 4.16 ± 1.99 | 1.72 ± 0.85 | 2.98 ± 1.14 | 4.33 ± 0.69 |
control | 3.14 ± 0.55 | 1.96 ± 1.30 | 3.06 ± 1.19 | 3.42 ± 0.69 | ||
Pb | addition | 0.45± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.26 ± 0.07 | |
control | 0.37± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.08 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.22 ± 0.08 | ||
Zn | addition | 0.65± 0.08 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 0.62 ± 0.10 | 0.65 ± 0.09 | |
control | 0.52 ± 0.51 | 0.45 ± 0.32 | 0.48 ± 0.49 | 0.47 ± 0. 61 |
Site | Heavy Metal | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | fG (r) | r | fG (r) | r | fG (r) | r | fG (r) | ||
Cr addition | Cr | −0.276 | 0.71 | 0.166 | 0.62 | −0.084 | 0.75 | 0.031 | 0.44 |
Pb addition | Pb | 0.708 | 0.25 | −0.065 | 0.50 | 0.370 | 0.60 | −0.056 | 0.51 |
Zn addition | Zn | −0.226 | 0.79 | −0.272 | 0.67 | 0.296 | 0.73 | 0.021 | 0.77 |
Control | Cr | 0.415 | 0.27 | −0.250 | 0.69 | −0.059 | 0.82 | −0.045 | 0.58 |
Pb | −0.410 | 0.58 | −0.059 | 0.34 | −0.214 | 0.64 | −0.258 | 0.49 | |
Zn | −0.425 | 0.80 | −0.120 | 0.91 | 0.325 | 0.36 | 0.019 | 0.53 |
Model | r2 | Significance |
---|---|---|
0.077 | ||
0.126 | ||
0.352 |
Relational Model | Allocation Estimation Model | r2 | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
0.627 | |||
0.632 | |||
0.784 |
Error | Cr | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|
Minimum relative error | 0.028 | 0.951 | 1.415 |
Maximum relative error | 17.367 | 57.062 | 33.336 |
Average relative error | 3.154 | 11.629 | 7.789 |
Relative standard error | 0.209 | 2.664 | 0.654 |
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Fang, A.; Dong, J.; Zhang, R. Simulation of Heavy Metals Migration in Soil-Wheat System of Mining Area. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142550
Fang A, Dong J, Zhang R. Simulation of Heavy Metals Migration in Soil-Wheat System of Mining Area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(14):2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142550
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Aman, Jihong Dong, and Ru Zhang. 2019. "Simulation of Heavy Metals Migration in Soil-Wheat System of Mining Area" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142550