Next Article in Journal
Exposure to Mercury in Workers and the Population Surrounding Gold Mining Areas in the Mojana Region, Colombia
Previous Article in Journal
Portable Analyzer for On-Site Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon—Development and Field Testing
Article

Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents

1
Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
2
Food Safety and Hygiene Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6559, Iran
3
RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
4
DG Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Directorate E—Space, Security and Migration, Knowledge for Security and Migration Unit (E.7), TP 450, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
5
DG Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Directorate F—Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), TP 126, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(11), 2336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112336
Received: 3 September 2018 / Revised: 10 October 2018 / Accepted: 12 October 2018 / Published: 23 October 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
This study aimed to estimate the exposure and related health risks of phthalates, and to assess the health risks from combined exposure to three of the phthalates sharing the same mode of action (anti-androgenicity) in children. We determined the internal exposure of 56 Iranian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years by analyzing seven urinary metabolites of five phthalates. The estimated daily intake values derived from the biomonitoring data ranged from 0.01 µg/kg bw/day for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), to 17.85 µg/kg bw/day for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The risk assessment revealed that not only the exposure to the individual phthalates, but also the combined exposure to the three anti-androgenic phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP) did not raise a safety concern (hazard index values averaged 0.2). The range of maximum cumulative ratio values varied from around 1 for most individuals to around 2 in some individuals, indicating that the combined exposures were dominated by one and in some cases by two of the three anti-androgenic phthalates, especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and/or DEHP. Based on biomonitoring data, the overall combined exposure of Iranian children to phthalates does not raise a concern, while reduction of exposure is best focused on DEHP and DBP that showed the highest hazard quotient. View Full-Text
Keywords: anti-androgenic phthalates; human biomonitoring (HBM); daily intake (DI); mixture; maximum cumulative ratio (MCR) anti-androgenic phthalates; human biomonitoring (HBM); daily intake (DI); mixture; maximum cumulative ratio (MCR)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

MDPI and ACS Style

Zare Jeddi, M.; Eshaghi Gorji, M.; Rietjens, I.M.C.M.; Louisse, J.; Bruinen de Bruin, Y.; Liska, R. Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112336

AMA Style

Zare Jeddi M, Eshaghi Gorji M, Rietjens IMCM, Louisse J, Bruinen de Bruin Y, Liska R. Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(11):2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112336

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zare Jeddi, Maryam, Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji, Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjens, Jochem Louisse, Yuri Bruinen de Bruin, and Roman Liska. 2018. "Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11: 2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112336

Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Access Map by Country/Region

1
Back to TopTop