Socioeconomic Inequalities in Visits to the Dentist to Receive Professionally Applied Topical Fluoride in a Developing Country
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Nicaraguan Health System Context
2.2. Study Design and Sample Selection
2.3. Variables and Data Collection
2.4. Analysis of Data
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Whitehead, M.; Dahlgren, G. Concepts and Principles for Tackling Social Inequities in Health; World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Ruhe, A.K.; Wager, J.; Hirschfeld, G.; Zernikow, B. Household income determines access to specialized pediatric chronic pain treatment in Germany. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2016, 16, 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.; Hwang, J. Assessment of trends in socioeconomic inequalities in cancer screening services in Korea, 1998–2012. Int. J. Equity Health. 2016, 15, 30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Folb, N.; Bachmann, M.O.; Bateman, E.D.; Steyn, K.; Levitt, N.S.; Timmerman, V.; Lombard, C.; Gaziano, T.A.; Fairall, L.R. Socioeconomic and modifiable predictors of blood pressure control for hypertension in primary care attenders in the Western Cape, South Africa. S. Afr. Med. J. 2016, 106, 1241–1246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwendicke, F.; Dörfer, C.E.; Schlattmann, P.; Foster-Page, L.; Thomson, W.M.; Paris, S. Socioeconomic inequality and caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Dent. Res. 2015, 94, 10–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pitts, N.; Amaechi, B.; Niederman, R.; Acevedo, A.M.; Vianna, R.; Ganss, C.; Ismail, A.; Honkala, E. Global Oral Health Inequalities: Dental Caries Task Group-Research Agenda. Adv. Dent. Res. 2011, 23, 211–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Herrera, M.S.; Medina-Solís, C.E.; Minaya-Sánchez, M.; Pontigo-Loyola, A.P.; Villalobos-Rodelo, J.J.; Islas-Granillo, H.; de la Rosa-Santillana, R.; Maupomé, G. Dental plaque, preventive care, and tooth brushing associated with dental caries in primary teeth in schoolchildren ages 6–9 years of Leon, Nicaragua. Med. Sci. Monit. 2013, 19, 1019–1026. [Google Scholar]
- Herrera, M.S.; Medina-Solís, C.E.; Islas-Granillo, H.; Lara-Carrillo, E.; Scougall-Vilchis, R.J.; Escoffié-Ramírez, M.; De la Rosa-Santillana, R.; Avila-Burgos, L. Sociodemographic, socio-economic, clinical and behavioural factors modifying experience and prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition. West Indian Med. J. 2014, 63, 752–757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Herrera, M.S.; Medina-Solís, C.E.; Avila-Burgos, L.; Robles-Bermeo, N.L.; Lara-Carrillo, E.; Lucas-Rincón, S.E.; Marquez-Corona, M.L.; Villalobos-Rodelo, J.J. Treatment needs for dental caries and restorative care index on the permanent dentition of Nicaraguan children. West Indian Med. J. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García-Cortés, J.O.; Mejia-Cruz, J.A.; Medina-Cerda, E.; Orozco-De la Torre, G.; Medina-Solís, C.E.; Márquez-Rodriguez, S.; Marquez-Rodriguez, S.; Navarrete-Hernandez, J.J.; Islas-Granillo, H. Experiencia, prevalencia, severidad, necesidades de tratamiento para caries dental e índice de cuidados en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes mexicanos. Rev. Investig. Clin. 2014, 66, 581–588. [Google Scholar]
- Organización Mundial de la Salud. Salud Bucodental. Nota Informativa 318. 2012. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs318/es/ (accessed on 18 September 2016).
- Eklund, S.A.; Pittman, J.L.; Heller, K.E. Professionally applied topical fluoride and restorative care in insured children. J. Public Health Dent. 2000, 60, 33–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marinho, V.C.; Chong, L.Y.; Worthington, H.V.; Walsh, T. Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016, 7, CD002284. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Marinho, V.C.; Worthington, H.V.; Walsh, T.; Chong, L.Y. Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015, 6, CD002280. [Google Scholar]
- Marinho, V.C.; Worthington, H.V.; Walsh, T.; Clarkson, J.E. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013, 7, CD002279. [Google Scholar]
- Lo, E.C.; Tenuta, L.M.; Fox, C.H. Use of professionally administered topical fluorides in Asia. Adv. Dent. Res. 2012, 24, 11–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jiménez-Gayosso, S.I.; Medina-Solís, C.E.; Lara-Carrillo, E.; Scougal-Vilchis, R.J.; de la Rosa-Santillana, R.; Márquez-Rodríguez, S.; Mendoza-Rodriguez, M.; Navarrete-Hernandez Jde, J. Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health service utilization any time in their lives for Mexican schoolchildren from 6 to 12 years old. Gac. Med. Mex. 2015, 151, 27–33. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Laaksonen, M.; Rahkonen, O.; Martikainen, P.; Lahelma, E. Socioeconomic position and self-rated health: The contribution of childhood socioeconomic circumstances, adult socioeconomic status, and material resources. Am. J. Public Health 2005, 95, 1403–1409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chauvel, L.; Leist, A.K. Socioeconomic hierarchy and health gradient in Europe: The role of income inequality and of social origins. Int. J. Equity Health 2015, 14, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Casanova-Rosado, A.J.; Medina-Solís, C.E.; Casanova-Rosado, J.F.; Avila-Burgos, L.; Vallejos-Sánchez, A.A.; Márquez-Rodríguez, S.; Marquez-Corona, M.L.; Maupome, G. Socio-economic inequality in professionally administered topical fluoride among Mexican school children. West Indian Med. J. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ceron-Zamora, E. Factors Associated with the Use of Oral Health Services to Receive Topical Application of Fluoride by a Dentist in Schoolchildren Aged 6 to 12 Years; Working Paper; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo: Pachuca de Soto, Mexico, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Muiser, J.; Sáenz, M.R.; Bermúdez, J.L. Health system of Nicaragua. Salud Publica Mex. 2011, 53 (Suppl. 2), S233–S242. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Herrera, M.S.; Medina-Solís, C.E.; Robles-Bermeo, N.L.; Lara-Carrillo, E.; Guadarrama-Quiroz, L.J.; Navarrete-Hernández, J.J.; Villalobos-Rodelo, J.J.; Pontigo-Loyola, A.P. Indicators of oral hygiene and preventive dental care as variables associated with the high severity of caries. West Indian Med. J. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. Chapter 1: Organization of a basic oral health survey. In Oral Health Survey—Basic Methods, 4th ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1997; pp. 4–9. [Google Scholar]
- Vallejos-Sánchez, A.A.; Medina-Solis, C.E.; Maupomé, G.; Casanova Rosado, J.F.; Minaya-Sánchez, M.; Villalobos-Rodelo, J.J.; Pontigo-Loyola, A.P. Socio-behavioral factors influencing tooth brushing frequency in schoolchildren. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2008, 139, 743–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vallejos-Sánchez, A.A.; Medina-Solís, C.E.; Minaya-Sánchez, M.; Villalobos-Rodelo, J.J.; Marquez-Corona, M.L.; Islas-Granillo, H.; Maupome, G. Maternal characteristics and treatment needs as predictors of dental health services utilization among Mexican school children. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2012, 13, 307–310. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kolenikov, S.; Ángeles, G. The Use of Discrete Data in Principal Component Analysis with Applications to Socio-Economic Indices; CPC/MEASURE Working Paper No. WP-04-85; MEASURE Evaluation: Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Bagley, S.C.; White, H.; Golomb, B.A. Logistic regression in the medical literature: Standards for use and reporting, with particular attention to one medical domain. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2001, 54, 979–985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Llompart, G.; Marin, G.H.; Silberman, M.; Merlo, I.; Zurriaga, O.; GIS (Grupo Interdisciplinario para Salud). Oral health in 6-year-old schoolchildren from Berisso, Argentina: Falling far short of WHO goals. Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal. 2010, 15, e101-5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tellez, M.; Santamaria, R.M.; Gomez, J.; Martignon, S. Dental fluorosis, dental caries, and quality of life factors among schoolchildren in a Colombian fluorotic area. Community Dent. Health 2012, 29, 95–99. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Molina-Frechero, N.; Durán-Merino, D.; Castañeda-Castaneira, E.; Juárez-López, M.L. Dental caries experience and its relation to oral hygiene in Mexican children. Gac. Med. Mex. 2015, 151, 485–490. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Peres, M.A.; Sheiham, A.; Liu, P.; Demarco, F.F.; Silva, A.E.; Assunção, M.C.; Menezes, A.M.; Barros, F.C.; Peres, K.G. Sugar Consumption and Changes in Dental Caries from Childhood to Adolescence. J. Dent. Res. 2016, 95, 388–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferreira-Gaona, M.I.; Diaz-Reissner, C.V.; Pérez-Bejarano, N.M.; Sanabria-Vázquez, D.A.; Alvarenga-Rodas, M.V.; Diosnel-Bazán, D. Oral health in preschoolers and level of knowledge about oral hygiene of their mothers, in public and private schools in San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Pediatria 2016, 43, 129–136. [Google Scholar]
- AlMutairi, M.A. Parents’ satisfaction with pediatric dental care provided by dental college, Riyadh. J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent. 2016, 6, 542–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, Council on Clinical Affairs. Policy on the Dental Home. 2010. Available online: www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/P_DentalHome.pdf (accessed on 12 July 2011).
- American Academy of Pediatrics. Oral health risk assessment timing and establishment of the dental home. AAP Policy Statement. Pediatrics 2003, 111, 1113–1116. [Google Scholar]
- Listl, S.; Moeller, J.; Manski, R. A multi-country comparison of reasons for dental non-attendance. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 2014, 122, 62–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harris, R.V.; Pennington, A.; Whitehead, M. Preventive dental visiting: A critical interpretive synthesis of theory explaining how inequalities arise. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2017, 45, 120–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Redondo-Sendino, A.; Guallar-Castillón, P.; Banegas, J.R.; Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. Gender differences in the utilization of health-care services among the older adult population of Spain. BMC Public Health 2006, 6, 155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carretero, M.T.; Calderón-Larrañaga, A.; Poblador-Plou, B.; Prados-Torres, A. Primary health care use from the perspective of gender and morbidity burden. BMC Womens Health 2014, 14, 145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boccolini, C.S.; de Souza Junior, P.R.B. Inequities in Healthcare utilization: Results of the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013. Int. J. Equity Health 2016, 15, 150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, S.M.; Bellamy, H.A.; Schwalberg, R.H.; Drum, M.A. Factors associated with use of preventive dental and health services among U.S. adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health 2001, 29, 395–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medina-Solís, C.E.; Maupomé, G.; Avila-Burgos, L.; Hijar-Medina, M.; Segovia-Villanueva, A.; Pérez-Núñez, R. Factors influencing the use of dental health services by preschool children in Mexico. Pediatr. Dent. 2006, 28, 285–292. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Goettems, M.L.; Ardenghi, T.M.; Demarco, F.F.; Romano, A.R.; Torriani, D.D. Children’s use of dental services: Influence of maternal dental anxiety, attendance pattern, and perception of children’s quality of life. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2012, 40, 451–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Andersen, R.; Davidson, P.L. Improving access to care in America: Individual and contextual indicators. In Changing the U.S. Health Care System: Key Issues in Health Services Policy and Management, 3rd ed.; Andersen, R.M., Rice, T.H., Kominski, G.F., Eds.; Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2007; pp. 3–31. [Google Scholar]
- Galobardes, B.; Shaw, M.; Lawlor, D.A.; Lynch, J.W.; Davey-Smith, G. Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2006, 60, 7–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mechanic, D. Medical Sociology: A Comprehensive Text; Free Press: New York, NY, USA, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Missinne, S. Moving Towards a Better Understanding of Socioeconomic Inequalities in Preventive Health Care Use: A Life Course Perspective. In A Life Course Perspective on Health Trajectories and Transitions; Burton-Jeangros, C., Cullati, S., Sacker, A., Blane, D., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; Chapter 6. [Google Scholar]
- Garrido-Cumbrera, M.; Borrell, C.; Palència, L.; Espelt, A.; Rodríguez-Sanz, M.; Pasarín, M.I.; Kunst, A. Social class inequalities in the utilization of health care and preventive services in Spain, a country with a national health system. Int. J. Health Serv. 2010, 40, 525–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variable | Frequency | Mean ± SD; (Limits) |
---|---|---|
Age | 1400 | 8.99 ± 2.00; (6–12) |
Mother’s age | 1400 | 33.07 ± 6.05; (20–52) |
Family size (number of children) | 1400 | 3.12 ± 1.58; (1–12) |
Percentage | ||
Sex | ||
Men | 702 | 50.1 |
Women | 698 | 48.8 |
Birth order | ||
First to third | 1166 | 83.3 |
Fourth or more | 234 | 16.7 |
Mother’s attitude towards oral health | ||
Negative | 600 | 42.9 |
Positive | 800 | 57.1 |
Frequency of tooth brushing | ||
Less than 7 times/week | 676 | 48.3 |
At least 1 time per day | 724 | 51.7 |
SEP (occupation) | ||
Low | 561 | 40.1 |
Medium | 526 | 37.6 |
High | 313 | 22.4 |
SEP (schooling) | ||
Low | 507 | 36.2 |
Medium | 436 | 31.1 |
High | 457 | 32.6 |
Variable | Without PATF | With PATF | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 8.99 ± 2.00 | 9.36 ± 1.96 | 0.2199 * |
Mother’s age | 33.07 ± 6.10 | 32.98 ± 5.11 | 0.9083 * |
Family size (number of children) | 3.13 ± 1.59 | 2.72 ± 1.18 | 0.1080 * |
Sex | |||
Men | 689 (98.1) | 13 (1.9) | |
Women | 667 (95.6) | 31 (4.4) | 0.005 † |
Birth order | |||
First to third | 1127 (96.7) | 39 (3.3) | |
Fourth or more | 229 (97.9) | 5 (2.1) | 0.334 † |
Mother’s attitude towards oral health | |||
Negative | 589 (98.2) | 11 (1.8) | |
Positive | 767 (95.9) | 33 (4.1) | 0.015 † |
Frequency of tooth brushing | |||
Less than 7 times/week | 665 (98.4) | 11 (1.6) | |
At least 1 time per day | 691 (95.4) | 33 (4.6) | 0.002 † |
SEP (occupation) | |||
Low | 547 (97.5) | 14 (2.5) | |
Medium | 505 (96.0) | 21 (4.0) | |
High | 304 (97.1) | 9 (2.9) | 0.351 † |
SEP (schooling) | |||
Low | 498 (98.2) | 9 (1.8) | |
Medium | 426 (97.7) | 10 (2.3) | |
High | 432 (94.5) | 25 (5.5) | 0.002 † |
Variable | OR | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Men | 1 * | ||
Women | 2.73 | 1.34–5.56 | 0.006 |
Mother’s attitude towards oral health | |||
Negative | 1 * | ||
Positive | 2.15 | 1.03–4.50 | 0.042 |
SEP (schooling) | |||
Low/Medium | 1 * | ||
High | 2.68 | 1.36–5.31 | 0.005 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Herrera, M.D.S.; Medina-Solís, C.E.; Pontigo-Loyola, A.P.; Rosa-Santillana, R.D.l.; Ávila-Burgos, L.; Scougall-Vilchis, R.J.; Márquez-Rodríguez, S.; Minaya-Sánchez, M.; Casanova-Rosado, A.J. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Visits to the Dentist to Receive Professionally Applied Topical Fluoride in a Developing Country. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080903
Herrera MDS, Medina-Solís CE, Pontigo-Loyola AP, Rosa-Santillana RDl, Ávila-Burgos L, Scougall-Vilchis RJ, Márquez-Rodríguez S, Minaya-Sánchez M, Casanova-Rosado AJ. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Visits to the Dentist to Receive Professionally Applied Topical Fluoride in a Developing Country. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080903
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerrera, Miriam Del Socorro, Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís, América Patricia Pontigo-Loyola, Rubén De la Rosa-Santillana, Leticia Ávila-Burgos, Rogelio José Scougall-Vilchis, Sonia Márquez-Rodríguez, Mirna Minaya-Sánchez, and Alejandro José Casanova-Rosado. 2017. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in Visits to the Dentist to Receive Professionally Applied Topical Fluoride in a Developing Country" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080903