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IJERPH
Volume 13
Issue 5
10.3390/ijerph13050448
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Article

Predictors of Workplace Bullying and Cyber-Bullying in New Zealand

by
Dianne Gardner
1,*,
Michael O’Driscoll
2,
Helena D. Cooper-Thomas
3,
Maree Roche
2,
Tim Bentley
4,
Bevan Catley
4,
Stephen T. T. Teo
5 and
Linda Trenberth
6
1
School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
2
School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
3
School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
4
School of Management, Massey University, Palmerston North 0745, New Zealand
5
School of Management, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
6
Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Cary Cooper
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13(5), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050448
Received: 8 March 2016 / Revised: 3 April 2016 / Accepted: 15 April 2016 / Published: 27 April 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Stress, Human Health and Wellbeing)
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Abstract

Background: The negative effects of in-person workplace bullying (WB) are well established. Less is known about cyber-bullying (CB), in which negative behaviours are mediated by technology. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, the current research examined how individual and organisational factors were related to WB and CB at two time points three months apart. Methods: Data were collected by means of an online self-report survey. Eight hundred and twenty-six respondents (58% female, 42% male) provided data at both time points. Results: One hundred and twenty-three (15%) of participants had been bullied and 23 (2.8%) of participants had been cyber-bullied within the last six months. Women reported more WB, but not more CB, than men. Worse physical health, higher strain, more destructive leadership, more team conflict and less effective organisational strategies were associated with more WB. Managerial employees experienced more CB than non-managerial employees. Poor physical health, less organisational support and less effective organisational strategies were associated with more CB. Conclusion: Rates of CB were lower than those of WB, and very few participants reported experiencing CB without also experiencing WB. Both forms of bullying were associated with poorer work environments, indicating that, where bullying is occurring, the focus should be on organisational systems and processes. View Full-Text
Keywords: conservation of resources; bullying; cyber-bullying conservation of resources; bullying; cyber-bullying
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Gardner, D.; O’Driscoll, M.; Cooper-Thomas, H.D.; Roche, M.; Bentley, T.; Catley, B.; Teo, S.T.T.; Trenberth, L. Predictors of Workplace Bullying and Cyber-Bullying in New Zealand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050448

AMA Style

Gardner D, O’Driscoll M, Cooper-Thomas HD, Roche M, Bentley T, Catley B, Teo STT, Trenberth L. Predictors of Workplace Bullying and Cyber-Bullying in New Zealand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(5):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050448

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gardner, Dianne, Michael O’Driscoll, Helena D. Cooper-Thomas, Maree Roche, Tim Bentley, Bevan Catley, Stephen T. T. Teo, and Linda Trenberth. 2016. "Predictors of Workplace Bullying and Cyber-Bullying in New Zealand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 5: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050448

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