Recruiting Diverse Smokers: Enrollment Yields and Cost
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Recruitment Methods by Demographic Group
3.2. Cost per Smoker
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Description |
---|---|
Interpersonal | |
Staff in-person recruiting | In NC, recruiters spent 3–4 h per week recruiting in person at ~80 locations such as bus stops and bars for seven months. In CA, recruiters spent 7–8 h per week recruiting in person at various locations for seven months. |
Word of mouth | Did not encourage participants to tell others about the trial. However, some participants told their social contacts about the trial, and other smokers heard about the trial from people who did not participate. |
Online | |
Craigslist | Placed paid advertisements twice per week on Craigslist website under the “jobs, etc.” section for the San Francisco Bay Area and Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill for the duration of the trial. |
Placed paid advertisements including boosted posts in Facebook newsfeeds for the duration of the trial. The advertisements and posts contained text and pictures of people smoking. Ads targeted adults living near the trial sites and whose profiles included tobacco-related interests. | |
Email listserv | Sent emails over departmental listservs three times during the trial at local universities in NC. |
Other online | Did not recruit through other websites, but some participants noted viewing the study advertisement via other sites and apps. |
Other media | |
Flyers/postcards | Distributed flyers and postcards to local businesses and organizations including public libraries, restaurants, coffee shops, and bars once per month for seven months. Also provided retailers with postcards to give to patrons at point of sale. |
Newspaper advertisements | Ran color display advertisements two days per month and line advertisements six days per month in local newspapers in NC for seven months. Ran display advertisements in local newspapers’ print editions once per week for four weeks and in the online editions every day for one month in CA. |
Bus ads | Ran paid advertisements on both the interior and exterior of buses in NC for two months. Ran paid posters at bus shelters in CA for one month. |
Roadside signs | Placed “realtor”-style plastic signs on intersections on streets with high traffic volume in NC. Signs were placed at the beginning of the study and were not intentionally removed. |
Characteristic | n | (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
18–24 years | 323 | (15.3) |
25–39 years | 775 | (36.7) |
40–54 years | 642 | (30.4) |
55+ years | 371 | (17.6) |
Gender | ||
Male | 1039 | (48.7) |
Female | 1060 | (49.7) |
Transgender | 34 | (1.6) |
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual | 368 | (17.5) |
Hispanic | 181 | (8.6) |
Race | ||
White | 751 | (35.7) |
Black or African American | 994 | (47.3) |
Asian | 70 | (3.3) |
Other/multiracial | 286 | (13.7) |
Low income (≤150% of Federal Poverty Level) | ||
No | 983 | (45.9) |
Yes | 1159 | (54.1) |
Trial site | ||
California | 1186 | (55.2) |
North Carolina | 963 | (44.8) |
Recruitment Method | Overall | Income | Race | Ethnicity | Sexual Orientation | Gender Identity | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-Income | Low-Income | Not African American | African American | Not Hispanic | Hispanic | Straight | GLB b | Cisgender | Transgender | ||
(n = 2149) % | (n = 983) % | (n = 1159) % | (n = 1107) % | (n = 994) % | (n = 1935) % | (n = 181) % | (n = 1734) % | (n = 368) % | (n = 2099) % | (n = 34) % | |
Interpersonal | |||||||||||
In-person recruiting | 5.4 | 3.1 | 7.5 ** | 3.9 | 6.7 * | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 4.1 | 5.4 a | 2.9 |
Word of mouth | 22.9 | 14.8 | 29.7 ** | 13.5 | 33.0 ** | 23.0 | 18.2 | 23.4 | 17.4 * | 22.7 | 20.6 |
Online | |||||||||||
Craigslist | 28.0 | 39.4 | 18.4 ** | 37.7 | 17.5 ** | 26.9 | 42.5 ** | 27.2 | 33.4 * | 28.3 | 20.6 |
Facebook ad | 15.6 | 18.8 | 13.0 ** | 16.1 | 15.1 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 15.1 | 19.3 * | 15.5 | 26.5 |
Email listserv | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 0.7 ** | 1.7 a | 1.7 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.7 a | 0.0 |
Other internet | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 a | 1.1 | 0.8 a | 0.3 | 0.7 a | 0.0 |
Other media | |||||||||||
Flyer/postcard | 13.9 | 12.4 | 14.7 | 13.6 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 4.4 ** | 13.4 | 14.4 | 13.5 a | 29.4 * |
Bus ad | 4.4 | 2.4 | 6.1 ** | 3.7 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 5.0 | 1.9 * | 4.4 a | 0.0 |
Newspaper ad | 2.6 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 a | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 a | 0.0 |
Roadside sign | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.0 * | 2.4 | 0.9 * | 1.5 a | 3.9 * | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.7 a | 0.0 |
Other | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 a | 0.0 | 0.8 a | 1.4 | 0.9 a | 0.0 |
Missing | 2.4 | 1.5 | 3.1 * | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.0 |
Recruitment Method | California | North Carolina | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Cost | Cost per Enrolled Smoker | Total Cost | Cost per Enrolled Smoker | |
Interpersonal | ||||
In-person recruiting a | - | - | $10,074 | $180 |
Word-of-mouth | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Online | ||||
Craigslist | $3500 | $7 | $350 | $3 |
Facebook ad | $9000 | $42 | $7557 | $62 |
Email listserv c | - | - | $0 | $0 |
Other online | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Other media | ||||
Flyer/postcard | $8500 | $84 | $5128 | $26 |
Newspaper ad | $6000 | $375 | $2997 | $75 |
Bus ad b | $3500 | $146 | $6188 | $87 |
Roadside sign c | - | - | $1191 | $33 |
Other | - | - | - | - |
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Share and Cite
Brodar, K.E.; Hall, M.G.; Butler, E.N.; Parada, H.; Stein-Seroussi, A.; Hanley, S.; Brewer, N.T. Recruiting Diverse Smokers: Enrollment Yields and Cost. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121251
Brodar KE, Hall MG, Butler EN, Parada H, Stein-Seroussi A, Hanley S, Brewer NT. Recruiting Diverse Smokers: Enrollment Yields and Cost. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(12):1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121251
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrodar, Kaitlyn E., Marissa G. Hall, Eboneé N. Butler, Humberto Parada, Al Stein-Seroussi, Sean Hanley, and Noel T. Brewer. 2016. "Recruiting Diverse Smokers: Enrollment Yields and Cost" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 12: 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121251
APA StyleBrodar, K. E., Hall, M. G., Butler, E. N., Parada, H., Stein-Seroussi, A., Hanley, S., & Brewer, N. T. (2016). Recruiting Diverse Smokers: Enrollment Yields and Cost. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(12), 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121251