Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6–8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Monitoring Air Pollution Effects on Children for Supporting Public Health Policy (MAPEC_LIFE) Project
2.2. Recruitment of Children and Questionnaire Administration
2.3. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
- Personal data: age, gender, child’s nation of birth (Italy or outside Italy), city of residence;
- Information on the parents: nation of birth (Italy or outside Italy), level of education (degree or high-school leaving certificate/lower qualification), employment status (employed or unemployed, including students and homemakers), level of employment (level I: businessman, manager, professional; level II: office worker; level III: manual worker, craftsman), smoking habits;
- Information on child’s physical activity: regular exercise (three or more times a week), outdoor sports;
- Outdoor pollution exposure factors: perceived level of traffic near the home and the school.
2.4. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | (n) | OW (Including OB) | OB | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | |||
Gender | Boys | (592) | 31.9 | 1.38 (1.07–1.78) | 20.1 | 1.83 (1.33–2.53) |
Girls | (572) | 25.4 | - | 12.1 | ||
Age | 6 years | (459) | 29.6 | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 17.0 | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) |
7 years | (401) | 26.9 | - | 15.2 | - | |
8 years | (304) | 29.6 | - | 16.1 | - | |
Area of residence | North | (477) | 25.6 | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 14.5 | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) |
Centre–South | (687) | 30.9 | - | 17.3 | - |
Variable | (n) | OW (Including OB) | OB | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | |||
Mother’s Nation of Birth | Outside Italy | (180) | 38.9 | 1.74 (1.25–2.41) | 20.6 | 1.43 (0.96–2.13) |
Italy | (984) | 26.8 | - | 15.3 | - | |
Father’s Nation of Birth | Outside Italy | (138) | 35.5 | 1.43 (1.00–2.08) | 20.3 | 1.38 (0.88–2.15) |
Italy | (1026) | 27.8 | - | 15.6 | - | |
Mother’s Level of Education | University Degree | (563) | 24.9 | 0.70 (0.54–0.90) | 13.9 | 0.72 (0.52–0.98) |
High School or Lower | (600) | 32.1 | - | 18.3 | - | |
Father’s Level of Education | University Degree | (457) | 24.5 | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) | 12.0 | 0.59 (0.42–0.83) |
High School or Lower | (689) | 31.0 | - | 18.7 | - | |
Mother Employed | Yes | (853) | 29.3 | 1.13 (0.85–1.52) | 16.3 | 1.04 (0.73–1.48) |
No | (310) | 26.8 | - | 15.8 | - | |
Father Employed | Yes | (1022) | 28.7 | 1.16 (0.76–1.77) | 16.2 | 1.14 (0.68–1.92) |
No | (124) | 25.8 | - | 14.5 | - | |
Mother’s Occupation | Level I 1 | (272) | 23.9 | 0.67 (0.48–0.93) | 9.9 | 0.46 (0.30–0.72) |
Level II 2 | (389) | 30.1 | - | 18.5 | - | |
Level III 3 | (192) | 35.4 | - | 20.8 | - | |
Father’s Occupation | Level I 1 | (427) | 23.7 | 0.64 (0.49–0.85) | 12.2 | 0.58 (0.41–0.83) |
Level II 2 | (279) | 32.3 | - | 19.0 | - | |
Level III 3 | (315) | 32.7 | - | 19.4 | - | |
Mother Smoker | Yes | (227) | 33.9 | 1.36 (1.00–1.86) | 24.2 | 1.93 (1.36–2.75) |
No | (936) | 27.4 | - | 14.2 | - | |
Father Smoker | Yes | (323) | 32.2 | 1.28 (0.97–1.70) | 21.7 | 1.72 (1.24–2.39) |
No | (822) | 27.0 | - | 13.9 | - |
Variable | (n) | OW (Including OB) | OB | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | |||
Level of Traffic near the Home | Heavy | (460) | 27.6 | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 15.7 | 0.94 (0.68–1.30) |
Moderate or Light | (704) | 29.4 | - | 16.5 | - | |
Level of Traffic near the School | Heavy | (603) | 29.5 | 1.09 (0.84–1.40) | 17.1 | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) |
Moderate or Light | (561) | 27.8 | - | 15.2 | - |
Variable | (n) | OW (Including OB) | OB | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | |||
Sport (≥3 Times/Week) | Yes | (522) | 31.0 | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 18.2 | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) |
No | (642) | 26.8 | - | 14.5 | - | |
Outdoor Sports | Yes | (329) | 28.3 | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 16.1 | 1.00 (0.70–1.41) |
No | (835) | 28.9 | - | 16.2 | - |
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Grassi, T.; De Donno, A.; Bagordo, F.; Serio, F.; Piscitelli, P.; Ceretti, E.; Zani, C.; Viola, G.C.V.; Villarini, M.; Moretti, M.; et al. Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6–8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101002
Grassi T, De Donno A, Bagordo F, Serio F, Piscitelli P, Ceretti E, Zani C, Viola GCV, Villarini M, Moretti M, et al. Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6–8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101002
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrassi, Tiziana, Antonella De Donno, Francesco Bagordo, Francesca Serio, Prisco Piscitelli, Elisabetta Ceretti, Claudia Zani, Gaia C. V. Viola, Milena Villarini, Massimo Moretti, and et al. 2016. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6–8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101002
APA StyleGrassi, T., De Donno, A., Bagordo, F., Serio, F., Piscitelli, P., Ceretti, E., Zani, C., Viola, G. C. V., Villarini, M., Moretti, M., Levorato, S., Carducci, A., Verani, M., Donzelli, G., Bonetta, S., Bonetta, S., Carraro, E., Bonizzoni, S., Bonetti, A., & Gelatti, U. (2016). Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6–8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(10), 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101002