Simultaneous Exposure to Heavy Metals among Residents in the Industrial Complex: Korean National Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Geographic Features
2.2. Subjects and Areas
2.3. Sampling and Survey
2.4. Sample Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Variables | No. | Percent | Median | (P5-P95) 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Study group(exposed/control) | 592 | 63/37 | ||
Sex (male/female) | 592 | 48/52 | ||
Smoking (never/former/current) | 592 | 70/6/24 | ||
Alcohol use (yes/no) | 592 | 58/42 | ||
Education levels (Uneducated/elementary school/Middle and High school/Over college) | 592 | 19/34/31/16 | ||
Income per month (Korean won, KRW) (< 1,000,000 / 1,000,000–2,000,000 / 2,000,000–4,000,000 / ≥ 4,000,000) | 592 | 55/19/19/8 | ||
Age | 592 | 58.0 | (27.3–78.0) | |
Height | 592 | 161.0 | (146.1–175.0) | |
Weight | 592 | 60.0 | (45.0–80.5) | |
BMI | 592 | 23.7 | (18.8–28.8) | |
Blood-Pb (µg/dL) | 592 | 2.55 | (0.98–5.09) | |
Urinary-Cd (µg/L) | 592 | 1.77 | (0.33–6.98) | |
Urinary-Cd cr (µg/g cr) | 592 | 1.32 | (0.67–2.26) | |
Urinary-Hg (µg/L) | 592 | 1.18 | (0.21–3.13) | |
Urinary-Hg cr (µg/g cr) | 592 | 1.07 | (0.57–1.75) |
Variables | Exposed | Control | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GM | GSD | (P5–P95)1 | GM | GSD | (P5–P95) 1 | ||
B-Pb (µg/dL) | 2.69 | 1.55 | (1.28–5.09) | 2.51 | 1.60 | (0.98–4.76) | |
U-Cd (µg/L) | 1.76 ** | 2.21 | (0.52–6.98) | 1.22 | 2.22 | (0.33–4.25) | |
U-Cd cr (µg/g cr) | 1.76 ** | 2.21 | (0.53–5.16) | 1.22 | 2.22 | (0.33–4.25) | |
U-Hg (µg/L) | 1.22 | 2.08 | (0.27–2.94) | 1.09 | 2.55 | (0.18–2.88) | |
U-Hg cr (µg/g cr) | 1.14 * | 2.12 | (0.30–3.08) | 1.09 | 2.49 | (0.18–2.76) |
Variables | Women | Man | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposed (186) 1 | Control (106) 1 | Exposed (185) 1 | Control (115) 1 | ||||||||||||
GM | GSD | (P5–P95) 2 | GM | GSD | (P5–P95) 1 | GM | GSD | (P5–P95) 1 | GM | GSD | (P5–P95) 1 | ||||
B-Pb (µg/dL) | 2.21 ** | 1.71 | (0.76–4.14) | 1.90 | 1.73 | (0.72–4.07) | 3.18 ** | 1.59 | (1.39–5.93) | 2.55 | 1.47 | (1.44–4.94) | |||
U-Cd (µg/L) | 2.20 ** | 2.49 | (0.47–8.44) | 1.46 | 2.58 | (0.27–7.20) | 1.55 | 2.64 | (0.28–6.11) | 1.46 | 2.22 | (0.27–4.38) | |||
U-Cd cr (µg/g cr) | 1.43 ** | 1.45 | (0.76–2.52) | 1.25 | 1.50 | (0.58–2.15) | 1.21 | 1.52 | (0.59–2.16) | 1.17 | 1.38 | (0.68–1.78) | |||
U-Hg (µg/L) | 1.23 * | 2.26 | (0.32–3.87) | 0.98 | 2.31 | (0.24–3.16) | 1.14 * | 2.05 | (0.30–3.18) | 0.92 | 2.08 | (0.31–2.80) | |||
U-Hg cr (µg/g cr) | 1.12 | 1.40 | (0.60–1.73) | 1.06 | 1.42 | (0.58–1.75) | 1.06 * | 1.38 | (0.63–1.76) | 0.96 | 1.40 | (0.61–1.81) |
Variables | U-Cd | U-Hg | U-Cd cr | U-Hg cr |
---|---|---|---|---|
B-Pb | 0.102 * | 0.182 ** | 0.091 * | 0.170 ** |
U-Cd | 0.224 ** | 0.857 ** | 0.056 | |
U-Hg | 0.025 | 0.838 ** | ||
U-Cd cr | 0.170 ** |
Variables | Factor | Β | Standard error | p-Value | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B-Pb | Constant | 1.174 | 0.230 | 0.000 | 0.147 | |
Sex | −0.312 | 0.040 | 0.000 | |||
Age | −0.003 | 0.002 | 0.058 | |||
BMI | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.008 | |||
Area | −0.069 | 0.036 | 0.057 | |||
Education level | −0.023 | 0.017 | 0.172 | |||
Smoking | 0.032 | 0.024 | 0.190 | |||
U-Cd | Constant | −0.858 | 0.376 | 0.023 | 0.319 | |
Sex | 0.356 | 0.065 | 0.000 | |||
Age | 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.000 | |||
BMI | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.111 | |||
Area | 0.264 | 0.059 | 0.000 | |||
Education level | −0.127 | 0.028 | 0.000 | |||
Smoking | 0.109 | 0.040 | 0.006 | |||
U-Cd cr | Constant | −0.856 | 0.376 | 0.023 | 0.320 | |
Sex | 0.356 | 0.065 | 0.000 | |||
Age | 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.000 | |||
BMI | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.110 | |||
Area | 0.265 | 0.059 | 0.000 | |||
Education level | 0.127 | 0.028 | 0.000 | |||
Smoking | 0.109 | 0.040 | 0.006 | |||
U-Hg | Constant | 0.149 | 0.486 | 0.759 | 0.034 | |
Sex | 0.013 | 0.084 | 0.874 | |||
Age | −0.006 | 0.004 | 0.082 | |||
BMI | 0.028 | 0.011 | 0.008 | |||
Area | −0.121 | 0.076 | 0.111 | |||
Education level | −0.030 | 0.036 | 0.407 | |||
Smoking | −0.149 | 0.051 | 0.004 | |||
U-Hg cr | Constant | −0.104 | 0.475 | 0.827 | 0.056 | |
Sex | 0.158 | 0.082 | 0.054 | |||
Age | −0.005 | 0.004 | 0.196 | |||
BMI | 0.029 | 0.010 | 0.006 | |||
Area | −0.181 | 0.074 | 0.015 | |||
Education level | −0.043 | 0.035 | 0.228 | |||
Smoking | −0.132 | 0.050 | 0.009 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Park, H.; Lee, K.; Moon, C.-S.; Woo, K.; Kang, T.-S.; Chung, E.-K.; Son, B.-S. Simultaneous Exposure to Heavy Metals among Residents in the Industrial Complex: Korean National Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 5905-5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605905
Park H, Lee K, Moon C-S, Woo K, Kang T-S, Chung E-K, Son B-S. Simultaneous Exposure to Heavy Metals among Residents in the Industrial Complex: Korean National Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(6):5905-5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605905
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Heejin, Kyoungho Lee, Chan-Seok Moon, Kyungsook Woo, Tack-Shin Kang, Eun-Kyung Chung, and Bu-Soon Son. 2015. "Simultaneous Exposure to Heavy Metals among Residents in the Industrial Complex: Korean National Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 6: 5905-5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605905