Psychological Distress, Related Work Attendance, and Productivity Loss in Small-to-Medium Enterprise Owner/Managers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Rationale for the Study
1.2. Theoretical Approach
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants, Sampling and Recruitment Procedures
Sample Characteristics | Business in Mind | Australian Bureau of Statistics |
---|---|---|
Age | 33.2%—40–49 years | 28.2%—45–54 years |
25.8%—50–59 years | 26.8%—35–44 years | |
23.9%—30–39 years | 14.3%—55–59 years | |
9.2%—18–29 years | 12.1%—25–34 years | |
7.8%—60–69 years | <10%—65 and over | |
<10%—25 and under | ||
Gender | 56.7%—female | 31.5%—female |
Industry | 29.5%—other | 83.1%—service |
20.3%—service | 10.2%—agriculture, forestry, fishing | |
14.3%—health | 4.1%—manufacturing | |
6.0%—building & construction | 0.4%—mining | |
7.8%—retail | ||
3.7%—innovation, science, tech. | ||
4.2%—finance | ||
3.7%—manufacturing | ||
3.7%—transport | ||
1.4%—agriculture | ||
2.8%—tourism | ||
2.3%—wholesale | ||
0.3%—mining |
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Kessler (K10) Screening Scale for Psychological Distress
2.2.2. Absenteeism and Presenteeism Days and Related Lost Productive Time
2.2.3. Socio-Demographic Factors
2.2.4. Individual Characteristics
2.2.5. Business Characteristics
2.2.6. Work-Related Wellbeing Factors
2.2.7. Health-Related Factors
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
All Owner/Managers (N = 217) | Owner/Managers with Low/Moderate Psychological Distress (N = 137) | Owner/Managers with High/Very High Psychological Distress (N = 80) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | p | |
Absenteeism | |||||||
Yes | 58 | 26.7 | 27 | 19.7 | 31 | 38.8 | 0.002 |
No | 159 | 73.3 | 110 | 80.3 | 49 | 61.2 | |
Presenteeism | |||||||
Yes | 144 | 66.4 | 78 | 56.9 | 66 | 82.5 | 0.0001 |
No | 73 | 33.6 | 59 | 43.1 | 14 | 17.5 | |
Mean | S.D. | ||||||
Absenteeism Days | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.004 |
Presenteeism Days | 6.2 | 0.5 | 3.2 | 0.5 | 11.2 | 1.0 | <0.00001 |
3.1. Psychological Distress
3.1.1. Past Month Sickness Absenteeism and Presenteeism by Psychological Distress
3.1.2. Total Absenteeism and Presenteeism by Psychological Distress
Variable | Total Absenteeism Days | Total Presenteeism Days |
---|---|---|
β | β | |
Age | −0.09 | −0.07 |
Gender | 0.99 * | 0.26 |
Education | 1.29 ** | 0.27 |
Employees supervised | 0.03 | −0.12 |
Firm size | 0.20 | −0.11 |
Work hours | −0.13 | −0.35 |
Treatment | 1.42 *** | 0.57 ** |
Self-rated health | 0.29 | 0.77 ** |
Business confidence | 0.03 | −0.09 |
Job tension | −1.01 * | 0.35 |
Job satisfaction | −1.81 ** | −0.46 |
Work/life balance | 0.86 | −0.23 |
Conscientiousness | −0.73 | −0.23 |
Neuroticism | 1.54 *** | 0.14 |
3.1.3. Correlates of Absenteeism and Presenteeism
3.1.4. Inefficiency due to Presenteeism by Psychological Distress
3.2. Discussion
3.2.1. Limitations
3.2.2. Strengths
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cocker, F.; Martin, A.; Scott, J.; Venn, A.; Sanderson, K. Psychological Distress, Related Work Attendance, and Productivity Loss in Small-to-Medium Enterprise Owner/Managers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 5062-5082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105062
Cocker F, Martin A, Scott J, Venn A, Sanderson K. Psychological Distress, Related Work Attendance, and Productivity Loss in Small-to-Medium Enterprise Owner/Managers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(10):5062-5082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105062
Chicago/Turabian StyleCocker, Fiona, Angela Martin, Jenn Scott, Alison Venn, and Kristy Sanderson. 2013. "Psychological Distress, Related Work Attendance, and Productivity Loss in Small-to-Medium Enterprise Owner/Managers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 10: 5062-5082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105062