Prognostic Role of Inflammatory and Nutritional Indices in NSCLC Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Retrospective, Multicenter, Turkish Oncology Group Study of Overall and Elderly Populations
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients and Methods
Patients
2.2. Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and Geriatric Nutritional Index (GNRI)
Inflammatory-Based Indices
- Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR): Neutrophil count/lymphocyte count
- Platelet–Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR): Platelet count/lymphocyte count
- Inflammatory Burden Index (IBI): CRP (mg/L) × neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Optimal Cut-Off Values for Prognostic Markers for Overall Survival
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Patients
3.2. Survival Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body Mass Index. |
CRP | C-Reactive Protein. |
ECOG PS | Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status. |
GNRI | Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index. |
HR | Hazard Ratio. |
IBI | Inflammatory Burden Index. |
ICIs | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. |
NLR | Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio. |
NOS | Not Otherwise Specified |
NSCLC | Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. |
OS | Overall Survival. |
PD-1 | Programmed Death-1. |
PD-L1 | Programmed Death Ligand-1. |
PFS | Progression-Free Survival. |
PLR | Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio. |
PNI | Prognostic Nutritional Index. |
ROC | Receiver Operating Characteristic. |
TNM | Tumor Node Metastasis. |
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Variables | n = 196 (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | Median (range) | 65 (23–88) |
≥65 | 101 (51.5) | |
Gender | Female | 29 (14.8) |
Male | 167 (85.2) | |
Smoking | Never a smoker | 30 (15.3) |
Ex-smoker | 114 (58.2) | |
Active smoker | 52 (26.5) | |
Smoking duration (pack/years) (median) (range) | 40 (10–120) | |
ECOG PS | PS 0 | 53 (27) |
PS 1 | 130 (66.3) | |
PS ≥ 2 | 13 (6.7) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) (median) (range) | 24.4 (14.8–37.04) | |
Histopathology | Adenocarcinoma | 101 (51.5) |
Squamous cell carcinoma | 82 (41.8) | |
NOS | 13 (6.6) | |
Stage at diagnosis | Stage 1 | 10 (5.1%) |
Stage 2 | 35 (17.9%) | |
Stage 3 | 52 (26.5%) | |
Stage 4 | 99 (50.5%) | |
PD-L1 status | PD-L1 < 1% | 67 (34.6) |
PD-L1 ≥ 1% | 69 (35.2) | |
Unknown | 60 (30.6) | |
PD-L1 level (median %) (range) | 35 (1–95) | |
Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) (median) (range) | 45.2 (23.0–73.9) | |
Geriatric Nutritional Index (GNR) (median) (range) | 103.8 (64.6–139.31) | |
Inflammatory Burden Index (IBI) (median) (range) | 60.2 (0.17–2362.5) | |
Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) (median) (range) | 3.7 (0.9–21.5) | |
Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) (median) (range) | 196.8 (26.6–1970) | |
Status | Exitus | 74 (37.8) |
Alive | 122 (62.2) | |
Overall survival | Median (months) | 12.4 (95% CI: 8.4–16.4) |
1 years (%) | 53 | |
2 years (%) | 25 |
Variables | Median OS (Months) (95% CI) | Univariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p | |||
Age | ≥65 | 12.1 (8.7–15.5) | 1.2(0.7–1.9) | 0.37 |
<65 | 14.2 (6.5–21.9) | |||
Gender | Female | 9.7 (not calculated) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.55 |
Male | 14.2 (8.8–19.6) | |||
BMI | <25 | 11.9 (8.0–15.8) | 0.97 (0.92–1.0) | 0.41 |
≥25 | 17.8 (6.1–29.6) | |||
Smoking | Never a smoker | 7.2 (6.1–8.3) | 0.6 (0.1–1.1) | 0.21 |
Active-ex | 14.2 (9.1–19.3) | |||
ECOG PS | PS 0–1 | 14.2 (8.8–19.6) | 4.2 (2.1–8.4) | <0.01 |
PS ≥ 2 | 5.1 (0.84–9.4) | |||
PD-L1 | PD-L1 < 1% | 10.6 (6.7–14.5) | 1.02 (0.59–1.7) | 0.93 |
PD-L1 ≥ 1% | 12.1 (6.8–17.4) | |||
PD-L1 < 50% | 10.6 (7.8–13.4) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.90 | |
PD-L1 ≥ 50% | 14.6 (3.5–25.7) | |||
NLR | <3.3 | 17.8 (10.6–25.1) | 2.5 (1.5–4.2) | <0.01 |
≥3.3 | 8.03 (4.7–11.3) | |||
PLR | <196.8 | 17.8 (10.5–25.2) | 1.7 (1.1–2.8) | 0.01 |
≥196.8 | 9.7 (4.6–14.9) | |||
PNI | <45.2 | 7.1 (1.5–12.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.004 |
≥45.2 | 17.8 (11.7–24.03) | |||
IBI | <60.2 | 11.9 (3.4–20.3) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 0.13 |
≥60.2 | 12.1 (5.9–18.3) | |||
GNRI | <98.0 | 5.1 (2.3–7.8) | 0.4 (0.24–0.8) | 0.01 |
≥98.0 | Not reached |
Variables | Median OS (Months) (95% CI) | Univariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p | |||
Gender | Female | Not reached | 1.5 (0.5–4.2) | 0.43 |
Male | 12.1 (9.3–14.9) | |||
BMI | <25 | 14.6 (8.4–20.7) | 1.07 (0.56–2.0) | 0.82 |
≥25 | 9.8 (6.6–13.0) | |||
Smoking | Never a smoker | Not reached | 1.1 (0.3–3.7) | 0.82 |
Active–ex | 12.1 (8.6–15.6) | |||
ECOG PS | PS 0–1 | 12.4 (9.7–15.7) | 3.04 (1.0–8.6) | 0.03 |
PS ≥ 2 | 5,1 (1.0–11.4) | |||
PD-L1 | PD-L1 < 1% | 10.1 (5.6–14.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.67 |
PD-L1 ≥ 1% | 14.6 (9.1–20.1) | |||
PD-L1 < 50% | 12.4 (9.1–15.1) | 0.4 (0.1–1.5) | 0.22 | |
PD-L1 ≥ 50% | 14.6 (1.0–30.9) | |||
NLR | <3.3 | Not reached | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | 0.12 |
≥3.3 | 12.1 (4.9–19.3) | |||
PLR | <196.8 | 12.1 (9.6–14.6) | 1.5 (0.8–2.8) | 0.17 |
≥196.8 | 14.6 (0.65–28.6) | |||
PNI | <45.2 | 5.2 (0.1–12.1) | 0.4 (0.2–1.1) | 0.01 |
≥45.2 | 12.4 (9.1–15.7) | |||
IBI | <60.2 | 10.1 (6.1–14.08) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 0.28 |
≥60.2 | 12.1 (5.7–18.5) | |||
GNRI | <98.0 | 5.1 (2.3–7.8) | 0.4 (0.24–0.8) | 0.01 |
≥98.0 | Not reached |
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Alan, O.; Telli, T.A.; Akbas, S.; Isik, S.; Çavdar, E.; Karaboyun, K.; Merc Cetinkaya, A.; Ekinci, F.; Erdoğan, A.P.; Büyükşimsek, M.; et al. Prognostic Role of Inflammatory and Nutritional Indices in NSCLC Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Retrospective, Multicenter, Turkish Oncology Group Study of Overall and Elderly Populations. Medicina 2025, 61, 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071160
Alan O, Telli TA, Akbas S, Isik S, Çavdar E, Karaboyun K, Merc Cetinkaya A, Ekinci F, Erdoğan AP, Büyükşimsek M, et al. Prognostic Role of Inflammatory and Nutritional Indices in NSCLC Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Retrospective, Multicenter, Turkish Oncology Group Study of Overall and Elderly Populations. Medicina. 2025; 61(7):1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071160
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlan, Ozkan, Tugba Akın Telli, Sinem Akbas, Selver Isik, Eyyüb Çavdar, Kubilay Karaboyun, Aysegül Merc Cetinkaya, Ferhat Ekinci, Atike Pınar Erdoğan, Mahmut Büyükşimsek, and et al. 2025. "Prognostic Role of Inflammatory and Nutritional Indices in NSCLC Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Retrospective, Multicenter, Turkish Oncology Group Study of Overall and Elderly Populations" Medicina 61, no. 7: 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071160
APA StyleAlan, O., Telli, T. A., Akbas, S., Isik, S., Çavdar, E., Karaboyun, K., Merc Cetinkaya, A., Ekinci, F., Erdoğan, A. P., Büyükşimsek, M., Er, M. M., Karakurt Eryilmaz, M., Güçlü Kantar, T., Gököz Doğu, G., Sakalar, T., Bayram, E., Inal, A., Akdağ Kahvecioğlu, F., Hacibekiroğlu, İ., ... Yumuk, P. F. (2025). Prognostic Role of Inflammatory and Nutritional Indices in NSCLC Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Retrospective, Multicenter, Turkish Oncology Group Study of Overall and Elderly Populations. Medicina, 61(7), 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071160