Prevalence and Fall Risk of Sarcopenia Based on the 2023 Korean Working Group on Sarcopenia Criteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement Methods and Criteria According to the KWGS Guidelines
2.2.1. Muscle Mass
2.2.2. Muscle Strength
2.2.3. Physical Performance
2.3. Fall Incidents in a Year
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Clinical Implications
4.3. Limitation, Strengths and Suggestions for Future Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Variables | Overall (n = 2061) | Men (n = 1040) | Women (n = 1021) |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 75.87 ± 3.92 | 76.35 ± 3.93 | 75.36 ± 3.86 |
Height, cm | 158.56 ± 8.43 | 164.97 ± 5.58 | 152.03 ± 5.21 |
Weight, kg | 61.01 ± 9.32 | 65.21 ± 8.95 | 56.72 ± 7.58 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.22 ± 2.86 | 23.94 ± 2.86 | 24.52 ± 2.80 |
MMSE-KC | 26.08 ± 2.71 | 26.51 ± 2.86 | 25.65 ± 2.88 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1145 (55.6%) | 551 (53.0%) | 594 (56.2%) |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 674 (32.7%) | 251 (24.1%) | 423 (41.4%) |
Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | 92 (4.5%) | 59 (5.7%) | 33 (3.2%) |
Osteoarthritis, n (%) | 407 (19.7%) | 111 (10.7%) | 296 (29.0%) |
Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 40 (1.9%) | 9 (0.9%) | 31 (3.0%) |
Osteoporosis, n (%) | 271 (13.1%) | 29 (2.8%) | 242 (23.7%) |
Asthma, n (%) | 65 (3.2%) | 24 (2.3%) | 41 (4.0%) |
COPD, n (%) | 26 (1.3%) | 21 (2.0%) | 5 (0.5%) |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 459 (22.3%) | 259 (24.9%) | 200 (19.6%) |
Kidney disease, n (%) | 31 (1.5%) | 21 (2.0%) | 10 (1.0%) |
Cancer, n (%) | 72 (3.5%) | 50 (4.8%) | 22 (2.2%) |
Number of prescription medications | 3.36 ± 2.83 | 3.50 ± 3.00 | 3.21 ± 2.64 |
Number of over-the-counter medications | 0.90 ± 1.23 | 0.71 ± 1.08 | 1.10 ± 1.33 |
Fall in a year, n (%) | 391 (19.0%) | 158 (15.2%) | 233 (22.8%) |
Two or more falls in a year, n (%) | 132 (6.4%) | 55 (5.3%) | 77 (7.5%) |
Three or more falls in a year, n (%) | 70 (3.4%) | 27 (2.6%) | 43 (4.2%) |
Four or more falls in a year, n (%) | 41 (2.0%) | 15 (1.4%) | 26 (2.5%) |
Fractures related to falls, n (%) | 57 (2.8%) | 25 (2.4%) | 32 (3.1%) |
Variables | Overall (n = 2061) | Men (n = 1040) | Women (n = 1021) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
SARC-F score | 1.02 ± 1.43 | 0.62 ± 1.09 | 1.43 ± 1.61 | <0.01 ** |
CC, cm | 33.75 ± 2.83 | 34.62 ± 2.70 | 32.87 ± 2.69 | <0.01 ** |
ASM, kg | 16.35 ± 3.68 | 19.19 ± 2.70 | 13.47 ± 1.84 | <0.01 ** |
Adjusted ASM, kg/m2 | 6.44 ± 0.99 | 7.04 ± 0.86 | 5.82 ± 0.71 | <0.01 ** |
HGS, kg | 26.88 ± 7.43 | 32.41 ± 5.74 | 21.25 ± 3.88 | <0.01 ** |
Gait speed, m/s | 1.13 ± 0.25 | 1.17 ± 0.26 | 1.09 ± 0.23 | <0.01 ** |
CST, s | 11.16 ± 3.63 | 10.50 ± 3.00 | 11.83 ± 4.07 | <0.01 ** |
SPPB | 10.07 ± 1.85 | 10.42 ± 1.66 | 9.72 ± 1.96 | <0.01 ** |
TUG, s | 10.22 ± 2.42 | 10.03 ± 2.24 | 10.41 ± 2.57 | <0.01 ** |
Variables | Overall (n = 2061) | Men (n = 1040) | Women (n = 1021) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sarcopenia, n (%) | ||||
MM + MS or PP † | 562 (27.3%) | 342 (32.9%) | 220 (21.5%) | <0.01 ** |
MM + MS | 215 (10.4%) | 151 (14.5%) | 64 (6.3%) | <0.01 ** |
MM + PP † | 521 (25.3%) | 312 (30.0%) | 209 (20.5%) | <0.01 ** |
MM + SPPB | 273 (13.2%) | 149 (14.3%) | 124 (12.1%) | 0.14 * |
MM + gait speed | 242 (11.7%) | 139 (13.3%) | 104 (10.2%) | 0.03 * |
MM + TUG | 145 (7.0%) | 88 (8.5%) | 57 (5.6%) | 0.01 * |
MM + CST | 469 (22.8%) | 278 (26.7%) | 191 (18.7%) | <0.01 ** |
Severe sarcopenia, n (%) | ||||
MM + MS + PP † | 174 (8.4%) | 121 (11.6%) | 53 (5.2%) | <0.01 ** |
MM + MS + SPPB | 118 (5.7%) | 78 (7.5%) | 40 (3.9%) | <0.01 ** |
MM + MS + gait speed | 100 (4.9%) | 68 (6.5%) | 32 (3.1%) | 0.01 * |
MM + MS + TUG | 72 (3.5%) | 47 (4.5%) | 25 (2.4%) | <0.01 ** |
MM + MS + CST | 156 (7.6%) | 105 (10.1%) | 51 (5.0%) | <0.01 ** |
Functional sarcopenia, n (%) | ||||
MS + PP † | 160 (7.8%) | 53 (5.1%) | 107 (10.5%) | <0.01 ** |
MS + SPPB | 98 (4.8%) | 25 (2.4%) | 73 (7.1%) | <0.01 ** |
MS + gait speed | 89 (4.3%) | 22 (2.1%) | 67 (6.6%) | <0.01 ** |
MS + TUG | 69 (3.3%) | 20 (1.9%) | 49 (4.8%) | <0.01 ** |
MS + CST | 139 (6.7%) | 43 (4.1%) | 96 (9.4%) | <0.01 ** |
Variables | Unadjusted Model | Fully Adjusted Model †† | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Physical performance | ||||
SPPB | 2.13 (1.49–3.05) ** | 1.47 (1.10–1.98) * | 2.00 (1.36–2.96) ** | 1.35 (0.98–1.85) |
gait speed | 2.11 (1.47–3.04) ** | 1.57 (1.16–2.12) ** | 1.92 (1.31–2.82) ** | 1.44 (1.05–1.99) * |
TUG | 1.92 (1.27–2.91) ** | 1.11 (0.78–1.60) | 1.76 (1.14–2.73) * | 0.98 (0.67–1.44) |
CST | 1.64 (1.16–2.32) * | 0.96 (0.71–1.31) | 1.47 (1.02–2.12) * | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) |
Sarcopenia | ||||
MM + MS or PP † | 1.29 (0.90–1.86) | 1.38 (0.98–1.96) | 1.23 (0.81–1.87) | 1.43 (0.97–2.09) |
MM + MS | 1.70 (1.09–2.67) * | 1.13 (0.62–2.07) | 1.63 (0.94–2.80) | 1.05 (0.55–2.01) |
MM + PP † | 1.42 (0.98–2.04) | 1.38 (0.97–1.97) | 1.32 (0.86–2.01) | 1.43 (0.97–2.10) |
MM + SPPB | 1.94 (1.25–3.02) ** | 1.57 (1.03–2.40) * | 2.01 (1.20–3.42) ** | 1.51 (0.95–2.40) |
MM + gait speed | 2.15 (1.40–3.36) ** | 1.79 (1.13–2.81) * | 2.28 (1.35–3.87) ** | 1.72 (1.06–2.80) * |
MM + TUG | 2.24 (1.32–3.79) ** | 1.57 (0.86–2.85) | 2.37 (1.27–4.43) ** | 1.38 (0.72–2.65) |
MM + CST | 1.32 (0.90–1.94) | 1.42 (0.98–2.04) | 1.21 (0.77–1.88) | 1.45 (0.97–2.16) |
Severe sarcopenia | ||||
MM + MS + PP † | 2.18 (1.37–3.47) ** | 1.08 (0.55–2.11) | 2.08 (1.17–3.68) * | 0.97 (0.48–1.98) |
MM + MS + SPPB | 2.33 (1.35–4.04) ** | 1.07 (0.50–2.30) | 2.39 (1.23–4.62) * | 0.93 (0.41–2.08) |
MM + MS + gait speed | 2.45 (1.38–4.36) ** | 0.68 (0.26–1.81) | 2.46 (1.22–4.95) * | 0.58 (0.21–1.60) |
MM + MS + TUG | 2.69 (1.38–5.22) ** | 0.92 (0.34–2.50) | 2.87 (1.29–6.42) * | 0.78 (0.28–2.24) |
MM + MS + CST | 2.30 (1.41–3.75) ** | 1.14 (0.58–2.22) | 2.13 (1.18–3.85) * | 1.02 (0.50–2.09) |
Functional sarcopenia | ||||
MS + PP † | 1.85 (0.93–3.66) | 1.13 (0.69–1.82) | 1.78 (0.87–3.64) | 0.97 (0.58–1.62) |
MS + SPPB | 4.22 (1.84–9.69) ** | 1.49 (0.87–2.55) | 4.29 (1.73–10.64) ** | 1.26 (0.71–2.26) |
MS + gait speed | 3.62 (1.48–8.87) ** | 1.46 (0.83–2.56) | 3.43 (1.32–8.86) * | 1.27 (0.70–2.32) |
MS + TUG | 2.71 (1.01–7.25) * | 1.07 (0.53–2.14) | 2.72 (0.98–7.59) | 0.94 (0.45–1.95) |
MS + CST | 2.18 (1.06–4.47) * | 1.16 (0.70–1.92) | 2.13 (1.00–4.57) | 0.99 (0.58–1.68) |
Variables | Unadjusted Model | Fully Adjusted Model †† | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Physical performance | ||||
SPPB | 2.93 (1.69–5.07) ** | 2.25 (1.41–3.61) ** | 2.73 (1.49–4.99) ** | 2.07 (1.24–3.44) ** |
gait speed | 2.71 (1.56–4.71) ** | 2.51 (1.57–4.02) ** | 2.45 (1.36–4.40) ** | 2.39 (1.44–3.98) ** |
TUG | 2.73 (1.50–4.98) ** | 1.48 (0.87–2.52) | 2.41 (1.27–4.57) ** | 1.35 (0.76–2.40) |
CST | 2.15 (1.20–3.84) * | 1.38 (0.83–2.28) | 1.91(1.03–3.52) * | 1.25 (0.73–2.12) |
Sarcopenia | ||||
MM + MS or PP † | 1.39 (0.78–2.48) | 1.44 (0.83–2.50) | 1.30 (0.66–2.54) | 1.48 (0.80–2.74) |
MM + MS | 1.51 (0.72–3.16) | 1.49 (0.61–3.65) | 1.26 (0.52–3.08) | 1.24 (0.46–3.35) |
MM + PP † | 1.53 (0.86–2.73) | 1.53 (0.88–2.65) | 1.42 (0.72–2.79) | 1.57 (0.85–2.90) |
MM + SPPB | 2.74 (1.46–5.12) ** | 1.84 (0.98–3.46) | 2.32 (1.08–4.99) * | 1.71 (0.84–3.49) |
MM + gait speed | 2.40 (1.23–4.67) * | 2.06 (1.07–3.97) * | 2.18 (1.01–4.84) * | 1.98 (0.96–4.09) |
MM + TUG | 3.68 (1.83–7.39) ** | 2.70 (1.25–5.86) * | 3.16 (1.34–7.44) ** | 2.28 (0.95–5.49) |
MM + CST | 1.65 (0.92–2.96) | 1.59 (0.91–2.80) | 1.50 (0.75–2.97) | 1.59 (0.85–2.99) |
Severe sarcopenia | ||||
MM + MS + PP † | 1.91 (0.91–4.04) | 1.84 (0.75–4.54) | 1.59 (0.64–3.98) | 1.51 (0.56–4.07) |
MM + MS + SPPB | 3.12 (1.46–6.9) ** | 2.55 (1.02–6.38) * | 2.49 (0.97–6.41) | 2.03 (0.73–5.62) |
MM + MS + gait speed | 2.83 (1.24–6.47) * | 2.06 (0.69–6.13) | 2.29 (0.83–6.31) | 1.66 (0.50–5.49) |
MM + MS + TUG | 4.36 (1.87–10.16) ** | 2.75 (0.90–8.35) | 3.44 (1.18–10.07) * | 2.10 (0.61–7.25) |
MM + MS + CST | 2.24 (1.06–4.74) * | 1.92 (0.78–4.75) | 1.81 (0.73–4.50) | 1.58 (0.58–4.28) |
Functional sarcopenia | ||||
MS + PP † | 2.21 (0.82–5.98) | 1.82 (0.93–3.59) | 1.81 (0.63–5.20) | 1.46 (0.71–3.03) |
MS + SPPB | 4.05 (1.30–12.55) * | 2.56 (1.26–5.19) ** | 3.37 (0.94–12.05) | 2.00 (0.90–4.41) |
MS + gait speed | 2.12 (0.47–9.52) | 2.53 (1.21–5.29) * | 1.54 (0.31–7.62) | 2.07 (0.91–4.71) |
MS + TUG | 2.36 (0.52–10.66) | 1.64 (0.62–4.34) | 1.96 (0.40–9.64) | 1.28 (0.46–3.60) |
MS + CST | 2.80 (1.02–7.63) * | 1.87 (0.93–3.75) | 2.23 (0.76–6.55) | 1.44 (0.67–3.07) |
Variables | Unadjusted Model | Fully Adjusted Model †† | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Physical performance | ||||
SPPB | 3.56 (1.28–9.92) * | 2.60 (1.17–5.79) * | 2.61 (0.78–8.66) | 2.46 (1.03–5.89) * |
gait speed | 3.84 (1.38–10.71) * | 3.21 (1.44–7.15) ** | 2.99 (0.95–9.40) | 3.35 (1.38–8.14) ** |
TUG | 3.80 (1.33–10.82) * | 3.66 (1.66–8.03) ** | 2.87 (0.84–9.76) | 4.27 (1.77–10.33) ** |
CST | 2.88 (0.91–9.11) | 2.45 (0.92–6.55) | 2.35 (0.87–8.21) | 2.37 (0.84–6.65) |
Sarcopenia | ||||
MM + MS or PP † | 4.18 (1.42–12.31) * | 1.10 (0.43–2.76) | 2.73 (0.78–9.51) | 1.51 (0.54–4.17) |
MM + MS | 5.35 (1.91–14.99) ** | 1.25 (0.29–5.43) | 3.28 (0.94–11.47) | 1.63 (0.35–7.59) |
MM + PP † | 4.79 (1.62–14.13) ** | 1.17 (0.46–2.95) | 3.42 (0.99–11.60) | 1.59 (0.58–4.42) |
MM + SPPB | 7.17 (2.56–20.07) ** | 1.33 (0.45–3.91) | 5.07 (1.45–17.79) * | 1.56 (0.48–5.03) |
MM + gait speed | 7.87 (2.81–22.06) ** | 1.63 (0.55–4.82) | 5.64 (1.71–18.69) ** | 1.87 (0.58–6.03) |
MM + TUG | 7.67 (2.66–22.07) ** | 3.23 (1.08–9.72) * | 5.47 (1.42–21.06) * | 4.33 (1.26–14.86) * |
MM + CST | 5.65 (1.91–16.68) ** | 1.31 (0.52–3.32) | 4.04 (1.20–13.65) * | 1.81 (0.65–5.04) |
Severe sarcopenia | ||||
MM + MS + PP † | 6.99 (2.49–19.64) ** | 1.54 (0.36–6.71) | 5.14 (1.38–19.09) * | 1.95 (0.42–9.10) |
MM + MS + SPPB | 11.76 (4.15–33.35) ** | 2.10 (0.48–9.21) | 8.95 (2.36–33.92) ** | 2.70 (0.57–12.84) |
MM + MS + gait speed | 10.36 (3.57–30.02) ** | 2.68 (0.61–11.87) | 6.86 (1.82–25.86) ** | 3.57 (0.73–17.53) |
MM + MS + TUG | 11.70 (3.83–35.76) ** | 3.52 (0.79–15.79) | 10.76 (2.17–53.31) ** | 4.79 (0.96–23.76) |
MM + MS + CST | 8.28 (2.94–23.31) ** | 1.61 (0.37–7.00) | 6.11 (1.66–22.53) ** | 2.08 (0.45–9.73) |
Functional sarcopenia | ||||
MS + PP † | — | 2.09 (0.77–5.65) | — | 2.00 (0.70–5.71) |
MS + SPPB | — | 3.25 (1.20–8.88) * | — | 3.20 (1.07–9.57) * |
MS + gait speed | — | 3.58 (1.31–9.82) * | — | 3.87 (1.29–11.62) * |
MS + TUG | — | 3.84 (1.27–11.61) * | — | 3.79 (1.15–12.55) * |
MS + CST | — | 2.37 (0.87–5.42) | — | 2.21 (0.77–6.34) |
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Kim, M.; Choi, S.; Yun, D.H.; Soh, Y.; Won, C.W. Prevalence and Fall Risk of Sarcopenia Based on the 2023 Korean Working Group on Sarcopenia Criteria. Medicina 2025, 61, 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61061065
Kim M, Choi S, Yun DH, Soh Y, Won CW. Prevalence and Fall Risk of Sarcopenia Based on the 2023 Korean Working Group on Sarcopenia Criteria. Medicina. 2025; 61(6):1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61061065
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Minjung, Seongmin Choi, Dong Hwan Yun, Yunsoo Soh, and Chang Won Won. 2025. "Prevalence and Fall Risk of Sarcopenia Based on the 2023 Korean Working Group on Sarcopenia Criteria" Medicina 61, no. 6: 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61061065
APA StyleKim, M., Choi, S., Yun, D. H., Soh, Y., & Won, C. W. (2025). Prevalence and Fall Risk of Sarcopenia Based on the 2023 Korean Working Group on Sarcopenia Criteria. Medicina, 61(6), 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61061065