Risk Factors and Hospitalizations Associated with Pediatric Adenovirus and Rotavirus Infections in Northern Lebanon
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Sample Size Estimation
2.4. Data and Sample Collection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants
3.3. Monthly Distribution of Rotavirus and Adenovirus Infections
3.4. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AGE | Acute gastroenteritis |
RV | Rotavirus |
AdV | Enteric adenovirus |
RVA | Group A rotavirus |
HAdV | Human Adenoviruses |
MENA | Middle East and North Africa |
IRB | Institutional Review Board |
MOPH | Ministry of Public Health |
NGO | Non-governmental organizations |
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Variables | Rotavirus n/N (%) | Adenovirus n/N (%) | Mixed Infections n/N (%) | N | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (months) | |||||
1–3 | 9/40 (22.5%) | 2/40 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 40 | 0.02 * |
4–11 | 22/90 (24.44%) | 15/90 (16.7%) | 9/90 (10.0%) | 90 | |
12–23 | 35/98 (35.71%) | 9/98 (9.2%) | 7/98 (7.1%) | 98 | |
24–35 | 27/81 (33.33%) | 12/81 (14.8%) | 3/81 (3.7%) | 81 | |
36–47 | 12/52 (23.07%) | 6/52 (11.5%) | 2/52 (3.8%) | 52 | |
48–60 | 7/39 (17.94%) | 5/39 (12.8%) | 1/39 (2.6%) | 39 | |
Total | 112/400 (28%) | 49/400 (12.3%) | 22/400 (5.5%) | 400 | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 70/234 (29.91%) | 33/234 (22.5%) | 13/234 (22.5%) | 234 | 0.07 |
Female | 42/166 (25.30%) | 16/166 (22.5%) | 9/166 (22.5%) | 166 | |
Total | 112 | 49 | 22 | 400 | |
Location | |||||
Urban | 65/220 (29.54%) | 30/220 (13.6%) | 9/220 (4.1%) | 220 | 0.45 |
rural | 47/180 (26.11%) | 19/180 (10.6%) | 13/180 (7.2%) | 180 | |
Total | 112 | 49 | 22 | 400 | |
Breast feeding | |||||
No | 78/160 (48.75%) | 28/160 (17.5%) | 14/160 (8.8%) | 160 | <0.0001 * |
Yes | 34/240 (14.16%) | 21/240 (8.8%) | 8/240 (3.3%) | 240 | |
Total | 112 | 49 | 22 | 400 | |
Rotavirus vaccine | |||||
No | 72/104 (69.23%) | 22/104 (21.2%) | 9/104 (9.6%) | 104 | <0.0001 * |
Yes | 40/296 (13.51%) | 27/296 (9.1%) | 13/296 (4.1%) | 296 | |
Total | 112 | 49 | 22 | 400 | |
Mother/guardian level of education | |||||
No formal education | 51/126 (40.47%) | 20/126 (15.9%) | 10/126 (7.9%) | 126 | <0.0001 * |
Primary | 33/111 (29.72%) | 15/111 (13.5%) | 6/111 (5.4%) | 111 | |
Secondary | 16/109 (14.67%) | 8/109 (7.3%) | 5/109 (4.6%) | 109 | |
Tertiary | 12/54 (22.22%) | 6/54 (11.1%) | 1/54 (1.9%) | 54 | |
Total | 112 | 49 | 22 | 400 | |
Household income | |||||
Low | 49/125 (39.2%) | 17/125 (13.6%) | 8/125 (6.4%) | 125 | <0.0005 * |
Medium | 45/218 (20.64%) | 25/218 (11.5%) | 12/218 (5.5%) | 218 | |
High | 18/57 (31.57%) | 7/57 (12.28%) | 2/57 (3.5%) | 57 | |
Total | 112 | 49 | 22 | 400 | |
Mean family size | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.81 | <0.0001 * |
Contact with domestic animals | |||||
Yes | 67/225 (29.77%) | 27/225 (12%) | 14/225 (6.2%) | 225 | 0.30 |
No | 45/175 (25.71%) | 22/175 (12.6%) | 8/175 (4.6%) | 175 | |
Total | 112 | 49 | 22 | 400 | |
Source of drinking water | |||||
Mineral bottled water | 45/260 (17.30%) | 20/260 (7.7%) | 6/260 (2.3%) | 260 | <0.0001 * |
Tap water | 67/140 (47.85%) | 29/140 (20.7%) | 16/140 (11.4%) | 140 | |
Total | 112 | 49 | 22 | 400 | |
Weight/height score | |||||
Moderate malnutrition | 34/45 (75.55%) | 5/45 (11.1%) | 5/45 (11.1%) | 45 | <0.0001 * |
Mild malnutrition | 22/33 (66.66%) | 7/33 (21.2%) | 2/33 (6.1%) | 33 | |
No malnutrition | 56/322 (17.39%) | 37/322 (11.5%) | 15/322 (4.7%) | 322 | |
Total | 112 | 49 | 22 | 400 |
Variables | Rotavirus | Adenovirus | Mixed Infections | Total | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (%) | 112 (28%) | 49 (12.3%) | 22 (5.5%) | 400 | - |
Clinical manifestations | |||||
Fever | 85 (75.9%) | 29 (59.2%) | 17 (77.3%) | 131 | 0.001 * |
Vomiting | 54 (48.2%) | 21 (42.9%) | 15 (68.2%) | 90 | <0.0001 * |
Diarrhea | 73 (65.2%) | 27 (55.1%) | 18 (81.8%) | 118 | 0.001 * |
Vesikari score (Mean ± SD) | 11.2 ± 1.2 | 11.02 ± 1.3 | 11.8 ± 1.6 | - | 0.04 * |
Duration of hospital stay (days) (Mean ± SD) | 2.4 ± 1.01 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 2.76 ± 1.3 | 0.02 * |
Rotavirus | Adenovirus | Mixed Infections | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Age groups (months) | 1–3 | 1.25 (0.42–3.69) | 0.68 | 0.35 (0.06–1.96) | 0.23 | 0.31 (0.01–8.01) | 0.48 |
4–11 | 1.47 (0.57–3.81) | 0.41 | 1.36 (0.45–4.04) | 0.58 | 4.22 (0.51–34.53) | 0.17 | |
12–23 | 2.53 (1.01–6.35) | 0.04 * | 0.68 (0.21–2.19) | 0.52 | 2.92 (0.34–24.57) | 0.32 | |
24–35 | 2.28 (0.89–5.84) | 0.08 | 1.18 (0.38–3.62) | 0.76 | 1.46 (0.14–14.52) | 0.74 | |
36–47 | 1.37 (0.48–3.88) | 0.55 | 0.88 (0.24–3.14) | 0.85 | 1.52 (0.13–17.39) | 0.73 | |
48–60 | |||||||
Breastfeeding | No | 5.76 (3.57–9.28) | <0.0001 * | 2.21 (1.20–4.05) | 0.01 * | 2.78 (1.13–6.79) | 0.02 * |
Yes | |||||||
Rotavirus vaccine | No | 14.40 (8.44–24.54) | <0.0001 * | 2.67 (1.20–4.05) | 0.001 * | 2.06 (0.85–4.97) | 0.10 |
Yes | |||||||
Water source | Tap water | 4.38 (2.76–6.95) | <0.0001 * | 3.13 (1.69–5.78) | 0.0003 * | 5.46 (2.08–14.30) | 0.0005 * |
Mineral bottled water | |||||||
Guardian level of education | No formal education | 2.38 (1.14–4.95) | 0.02 * | 1.50 (0.57–3.99) | 0.40 | 4.57 (0.57–36.61) | 0.15 |
Primary | 1.48 (0.69–3.16) | 0.31 | 1.25 (0.45–3.42) | 0.66 | 3.03 (0.35–25.80) | 0.31 | |
Secondary | 0.60 (0.26–1.38) | 0.23 | 0.63 (0.20–1.92) | 0.42 | 2.54 (0.29–22.37) | 0.39 | |
Tertiary | |||||||
Household income | Low | 1.39 (0.71–2.71) | 0.32 | 1.12 (0.43–2.88) | 0.80 | 1.88 (0.38–9.15) | 0.43 |
Medium | 0.56 (0.29–1.07) | 0.08 | 0.92 (0.37–2.26) | 0.86 | 1.60 (0.34–7.37) | 0.54 | |
High | |||||||
Nutritional status | Moderate malnutrition | 14.68 (7.01–30.72) | <0.0001 * | 0.96 (0.35–2.59) | 0.94 | 2.55 (0.88–7.41) | 0.08 |
Mild malnutrition | 9.5 (4.35–20.70) | <0.0001 * | 2.07 (0.84–5.11) | 0.11 | 1.32 (0.28–6.04) | 0.72 | |
No malnutrition |
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Khalife, S.; Osman, M.; Moubayed, S.; Kassem, I.I.; El Safadi, D. Risk Factors and Hospitalizations Associated with Pediatric Adenovirus and Rotavirus Infections in Northern Lebanon. Medicina 2025, 61, 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020296
Khalife S, Osman M, Moubayed S, Kassem II, El Safadi D. Risk Factors and Hospitalizations Associated with Pediatric Adenovirus and Rotavirus Infections in Northern Lebanon. Medicina. 2025; 61(2):296. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020296
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalife, Sara, Marwan Osman, Sara Moubayed, Issmat I. Kassem, and Dima El Safadi. 2025. "Risk Factors and Hospitalizations Associated with Pediatric Adenovirus and Rotavirus Infections in Northern Lebanon" Medicina 61, no. 2: 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020296
APA StyleKhalife, S., Osman, M., Moubayed, S., Kassem, I. I., & El Safadi, D. (2025). Risk Factors and Hospitalizations Associated with Pediatric Adenovirus and Rotavirus Infections in Northern Lebanon. Medicina, 61(2), 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020296