Pregnancy Complications and Outcomes in Obese Women with Gestational Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | Women of Normal Weight | Obese Women | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 381 (%) | n = 202 (%) | |||
Age (years) 1 | 31.04 ± 5.4 | 32.22 ± 5.3 | p = 0.012 | |
Type of GD 2 | A1 | 271 (71.1) | 104 (51.4) | p < 0.05 |
A2 | 110 (28.9) | 98 (48.5) | ||
Place of residence 2 | City | 270 (70.9) | 126 (62.4) | p = 0.041 |
Countryside | 111 (29.1) | 76 (37.6) | ||
Weeks of gestation 3 | 39 (24–41; 38.63) | 39 (22–41; 38.47) | p = 0.140 |
Criteria | Women of Normal Weight | Obese Women | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 381(%) | n = 202 (%) | ||||
The number of pregnancies 2 | 2 (1–6; 1.98) | 2 (1–9; 2.58) | p < 0.001 | ||
The number of pregnancies according to type of GD 1 | A1 | First | 122 (45.0) | 39 (37.5) | p = 0.150 |
Second | 86 (32.0) | 31 (29.8) | |||
Third or more | 63 (23.0) | 34 (32.7) | |||
A2 | First | 39 (35.5) | 17 (17.3) | p = 0.009 | |
Second | 35 (31.8) | 34 (34.7) | |||
Third or more | 36 (32.7) | 47 (48.0) | |||
The number of deliveries 2 | 2 (1–6; 1.72) | 2 (1–9; 2.06) | p < 0.001 | ||
The number of deliveries according to type of GD 2 | A1 | First | 140 (51.7) | 55 (52.9) | p = 0.303 |
Second | 95 (35.0) | 30 (28.8) | |||
Third or more | 36 (13.3) | 19 (18.3) | |||
A2 | First | 49 (44.5) | 21 (21.4) | p = 0.002 | |
Second | 38 (34.5) | 47 (48.0) | |||
Third or more | 23 (20.9) | 30 (30.6) |
Test | Normal Body Weight n = 381 (%) | Obesity n = 202 (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Venous plasma glucose level (mmol/L), (n = 224) | 5.49 (5–8; 5.56) | 5.67 (5–7; 5.78) | p < 0.001 | |
Venous plasma glucose level according to type of GD (mmol/L) | A1 | 5.49 (5–8; 5.56) | 5.62 (5–7; 5.71) | p = 0.106 |
A2 | 5.48 (5–7; 5.58) | 5.69 (5–7; 5.86) | p = 0.006 | |
OGTT I point (0 min) (mmol/L), (n = 359) | 5.20 (3–8; 5.19) | 5.45 (3–8; 5.52) | p < 0.001 | |
OGTT I point (0 min) according to type of GD (mmol/L) | A1 | 5.20 (3–8; 5.09) | 5.42 (3–7; 5.40) | p < 0.001 |
A2 | 5.26 (4–8; 5.41) | 5.52 (4–8; 5.58) | p = 0.025 | |
OGTT II point (60 min) (mmol/L), (n = 359) | 8.10 (4–14; 8.28) | 8.29 (3–13; 8.48) | p = 0.105 | |
OGTT II point (0 min) according to type of GD (mmol/L) | A1 | 8.00 (4–14; 8.25) | 7.80 (3–13; 8.02) | p = 0.550 |
A2 | 8.15 (4–14; 8.38) | 8.75 (5–13; 8.97) | p = 0.071 | |
OGTT III point (120 min), (mmol/L), (n = 359) | 7.40 (4–15; 7.56) | 7.39 (3–11; 7.33) | p = 0.453 | |
OGTT III point (0 min) according to type of GD (mmol/L) | A1 | 7.56 (4–15; 7.77) | 7.10 (3–10; 7.08) | p = 0.037 |
A2 | 7.10 (4–13; 7.10) | 7.64 (5–11; 7.58) | p = 0.104 |
Pregnancy Complication | Normal Body Weight n = 126 (%) | Obesity n = 173 (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary hypertension | 11 (2.9) | 38 (18.8) | p < 0.001 | |
Primary hypertension according to type of GD | A1 | 6 (2.2) | 15 (14.4) | p < 0.001 |
A2 | 5 (4.5) | 23 (23.5) | p < 0.001 | |
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy | 72 (19.0) | 96 (47.5) | p < 0.001 | |
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy according to type of GD | A1 | 51 (19.0) | 44 (42.3) | p < 0.001 |
A2 | 21 (19.1) | 52 (53.1) | p < 0.001 | |
Gestational anemia | 37 (9.8) | 26 (12.9) | p = 0.251 | |
Gestational anemia according to type of GD | A1 | 24 (8.9) | 12 (11.5) | p = 0.443 |
A2 | 13 (11.8) | 14 (14.3) | p = 0.597 | |
Cholestasis of pregnancy | 6 (1.6) | 13 (6.4) | p = 0.002 | |
Cholestasis of pregnancy according to type of GD | A1 | 5 (1.9) | 8 (7.7) | p = 0.006 |
A2 | 1 (0.9) | 5 (5.1) | p = 0.071 |
Type of GD | Amount of Amniotic Fluid | Normal Body Weight n = 381, n (%) | Obesity n = 202, n (%) | Statistics |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | Normal | 240 (88.5) | 77 (74.0) | p = 0.003 |
Polyhydramnios | 17 (6.3) | 16 (15.4) 1 | ||
Oligohydramnios | 12 (4.5) | 11 (10.6) 1 | ||
A2 | Normal | 102 (92.7) | 69 (23.7) 2 | p < 0.001 |
Polyhydramnios | 4 (3.6) | 23 (23.7) 2 | ||
Oligohydramnios | 4 (3.6) | 5 (5.2) |
Criteria | Normal Body Weight n = 340(%) | Obesity n = 179(%) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spontaneous onset of labour | 189 (55.6) | 44 (24.6) | p < 0.001 | ||
Induced labour | Amniotomy Mechanical methods Using drugs | 126 (83.4) 9(6.0) 42 (27.8) | 111 (82.2) 13 (9.7) 45 (33.3) | p > 0.001 | |
Labour according to the type of GD | A1 | Spontaneous | 143 (59.1) | 27 (29.7) | p < 0.001 |
Induced | 99 (40.9) | 64 (70.3) | |||
A2 | Spontaneous | 46 (46.9) | 17 (19.3) | p < 0.001 | |
Induced | 52 (53.1) | 71 (80.7) |
Criteria | Normal Body Weight n (%) | Obesity n (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of delivery (n = 583) | Vaginal | 319 (83.5) | 152 (75.2) | p = 0.015 |
CS | 62 (16.5) | 50 (24.8) | ||
Urgency of CS (n = 112) | Planned | 36 (58.1) | 17 (34.0) | p = 0.011 |
Emergency | 26 (41.9) | 33 (66.0) |
Complications of Delivery | Normal Body Weight n = 151 (%) | Obesity n = 135 (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical narrow pelvis | 9 (2.4) | 4 (2.0) | p = 0.759 | |
Distribution of clinical narrow pelvis according to the type of GD | A1 | 7 (2.6) | 3 (2.9) | p = 0.880 |
A2 | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.0) | p = 0.630 | |
Foetal distress | 4 (1.1) | 8 (4.0) | p = 0.019 | |
Distribution of foetal distress according to the type of GD | A1 | 2 (0.7) | 5 (4.8) | p = 0.009 |
A2 | 2 (1.8) | 3 (3.1) | p = 0.559 | |
Dystocia | 13 (3.4) | 19 (9.4) | p = 0.003 | |
Distribution of dystocia according to the type of GD | A1 | 10 (3.7) | 7 (6.7) | p = 0.211 |
A2 | 3 (2.7) | 12 (12.2) | p = 0.008 | |
Abnormal foetus position | 17 (4.5) | 6 (3.0) | p = 0.372 | |
Distribution of abnormal foetus position according to the type of GD | A1 | 14 (5.2) | 3 (2.9) | p = 0.335 |
A2 | 3 (2.7) | 3 (3.1) | p = 0.886 | |
Chorioamnionitis | 16 (4.2) | 8 (4.0) | p = 0.880 | |
Distribution of chorioamnionitis according to the type of GD | A1 | 12 (4.5) | 7 (6.7) | p = 0.371 |
A2 | 4 (3.6) | 1 (1.0) | p = 0.219 | |
Preterm delivery | 27 (7.1) | 14 (6.9) | p = 0.931 | |
Distribution of preterm delivery according to the type of GD | A1 | 20 (7.4) | 10 (9.6) | p = 0.487 |
A2 | 7 (6.4) | 4 (4.1) | p = 0.463 |
Duration of Delivery | Normal Body Weight n = 381 | Obesity n = 202 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 500 (10–1764; 582.76) | 420 (69–1850; 558.80) | p = 0.495 | |
Total, according to the type of GD | A1 | 493 (60–1764; 595.41) | 524 (69–1850; 644.80) | p = 0.343 |
A2 | 525 (10–1465; 551.78) | 342 (81–1610; 466.58) | p = 0.094 | |
I stage of labour | 430 (4–1740; 502.45) | 360 (5–1590; 466.6) | p = 0.279 | |
I stage of labour according to the type of GD | A1 | 425 (25–1740; 513.65) | 465 (5–1590; 559.63) | p = 0.323 |
A2 | 450 (4–1320; 475.12) | 310 (40–1530; 367.55) | p = 0.017 | |
II stage of labour | 30 (24–310; 61.89) | 24 (2–310; 47.70) | p = 0.030 | |
II stage of labour according to the type of GD | A1 | 31 (1–314; 62.14) | 30 (2–268; 54.74) | p = 0.378 |
A2 | 27 (1–288; 57.82) | 18 (2–310; 39.79) | p = 0.070 |
Criteria | Normal Body Weight | Obesity | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean of neonate weight (g±SD), (n = 583) 1 | 3343 ± 617 | 3444 ± 694 | p = 0.074 | |
Distribution of the mean of neonates weight according to the type of mother’s GD, (g ± SD) 1 | A1 | 3337 ± 648 | 3314 ± 827 | p = 0.002 |
A2 | 3357 ± 537 | 3581 ± 484 | p = 0.002 | |
Mean of Apgar scores after 1 min., (n =583) 2 | 9 (3–10; 9.06) | 9 (2–10; 8.9) | p = 0.024 | |
Distribution of the mean of Apgar scores after 1 min according to the type of mother’s GD, (scores±SD) 2 | A1 | 9 (4–10; 8.99) | 9 (2–10; 8.66) | p = 0.027 |
A2 | 9 (3–10; 9.23) | 9 (5–10; 9.15) | p = 0.537 | |
Mean of Apgar scores after 5 min., (n = 583) 2 | 10 (6–10; 9.66) | 10 (6–10; 9.52) | p = 0.024 | |
Distribution of the mean of Apgar scores after 5 min according to the type of mother’s GD 2 | A1 | 10 (6–10; 9.65) | 10 (6–10; 9.38) | p = 0.537 |
A2 | 10 (8–10; 9.7) | 10 (8–10; 9.67) | p = 0.725 | |
Macrosomia, (n = 84) 3 | 38 (10.0) | 46 (22.8) | p < 0.001 | |
Distribution of macrosomia according to the type of mother’s GD 3 | A1 | 28 (10.4) | 23 (22.1) | p = 0.003 |
A2 | 10 (9.1) | 23 (23.5) | p = 0.005 | |
Foetal growth restriction (n = 83) 3 | 51 (13.5) | 32 (15.8) | p = 0.434 |
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Ramonienė, G.; Malakauskienė, L.; Savukynė, E.; Maleckienė, L.; Gruzdaitė, G. Pregnancy Complications and Outcomes in Obese Women with Gestational Diabetes. Medicina 2025, 61, 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010051
Ramonienė G, Malakauskienė L, Savukynė E, Maleckienė L, Gruzdaitė G. Pregnancy Complications and Outcomes in Obese Women with Gestational Diabetes. Medicina. 2025; 61(1):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010051
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamonienė, Gitana, Laura Malakauskienė, Eglė Savukynė, Laima Maleckienė, and Greta Gruzdaitė. 2025. "Pregnancy Complications and Outcomes in Obese Women with Gestational Diabetes" Medicina 61, no. 1: 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010051
APA StyleRamonienė, G., Malakauskienė, L., Savukynė, E., Maleckienė, L., & Gruzdaitė, G. (2025). Pregnancy Complications and Outcomes in Obese Women with Gestational Diabetes. Medicina, 61(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010051