Can We Predict Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Behavior? Role of Genetic and Molecular Markers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Genetic Aberrations Markers
2.1. BRAFV600E
2.2. TERT Mutation
2.3. Combination of TERT and BRAFV600E Mutation
2.4. RAS Mutation
2.5. RET/PTC Mutation
2.6. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)—DTC Genomic Landscape
3. Cell Cycle Control Alteration
3.1. Ki-67
3.2. p27(KIP1)
3.3. Cyclin-D1
3.4. Survivin
3.5. P53
4. Estrogen Receptors (ER)
4.1. Estrogen Receptor-α (ER-α)
4.2. Estrogen Receptor-β (ER-β)
5. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
5.1. E-Cadherin
5.2. Vimentin
5.3. N-Cadherin
5.4. CD44
6. Extracellular Matrix Degradation
6.1. MMP-9
6.2. MMP-2
7. Hypoxia End Neovascularization
7.1. Hypoxia-Induced Transcription Factor
7.2. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
7.3. Antiangiogenic Therapy—Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
8. Aggressive Variants of PTC
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Gender | Tumor Size | Extrathyroidal Extension (ETE) | Multifocal Tumors | Lymph Node Metastases (LNM) | Distant Metastases | Stage | Recurrence | Worse Survival | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BRAFV600E | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | + |
TERT | + | + | + | +/- | - | +/- | + | + | + | + |
BRAFV600E + TERT | + | - | n/a | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
RAS | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | + | n/a | + | n/a | +/- | +/- |
RET/PTC | n/a | n/a | n/a | + | n/a | + | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Ki-67 | +/- | - | +/- | + | - | +/- | +/- | + | +/- | + |
p27 | - | - | +/- | +/- | - | +/- | + | + | n/a | n/a |
Cyclin-D1 | - | - | +/- | +/- | - | +/- | n/a | +/- | +/- | + |
Survivin | - | - | - | + | n/a | + | + | + | n/a | n/a |
p53 | - | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | + | - | - | n/a |
ER-α | - | - | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
ER-β | - | - | - | + * | - | + */- | - | - | - | + |
ER-α/ER-β | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | n/a | + |
E-Cadherin | - | - | + | +/- | n/a | +/- | - | +/- | - | n/a |
Vimentin | - | - | n/a | n/a | n/a | +/- | - | - | + | n/a |
N-Cadherin | + | - | + | n/a | n/a | + | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
CD44 | + **/- | - | - | + **/- | - | + **/- | n/a | n/a | + **/- | n/a |
MMP-9 | +/- | - | +/- | +/- | - | +/- | - | +/- | + | + |
MMP-2 | - | - | +/- | + | - | + | +/- | + | + | n/a |
HIF-1 | - | - | - | n/a | n/a | + | n/a | + | n/a | n/a |
VEGF | - | - | + | + | - | +/- | n/a | + | + | n/a |
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Niciporuka, R.; Nazarovs, J.; Ozolins, A.; Narbuts, Z.; Miklasevics, E.; Gardovskis, J. Can We Predict Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Behavior? Role of Genetic and Molecular Markers. Medicina 2021, 57, 1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101131
Niciporuka R, Nazarovs J, Ozolins A, Narbuts Z, Miklasevics E, Gardovskis J. Can We Predict Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Behavior? Role of Genetic and Molecular Markers. Medicina. 2021; 57(10):1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101131
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiciporuka, Rita, Jurijs Nazarovs, Arturs Ozolins, Zenons Narbuts, Edvins Miklasevics, and Janis Gardovskis. 2021. "Can We Predict Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Behavior? Role of Genetic and Molecular Markers" Medicina 57, no. 10: 1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101131