Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise in Attenuating Memory Interference: Considerations by Biological Sex
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
- Self-reported being pregnant [22].
- Exercised within 5 h of testing [23].
- Consumed caffeine within 3 h of testing [24].
- Had a concussion or head trauma within the past 30 days [25].
- Took marijuana or other illegal drugs within the past 30 days [26].
- Were considered a daily alcohol user (>30 drinks/month for women; and >60 drinks/month for men) [27].
2.3. Exercise Protocol
2.4. Control Protocol
2.5. Memory Assessment
2.6. Additional Assessments
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Siddiqui, A.; Loprinzi, P.D. Experimental Investigation of the Time Course Effects of Acute Exercise on False Episodic Memory. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sng, E.; Frith, E.; Loprinzi, P.D. Experimental effects of acute exercise on episodic memory acquisition: Decomposition of multi-trial gains and losses. Physiol. Behav. 2018, 186, 82–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sng, E.; Frith, E.; Loprinzi, P.D. Temporal Effects of Acute Walking Exercise on Learning and Memory Function. Am. J. Health Promot. AJHP 2018, 32, 1518–1525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loprinzi, P.D.; Edwards, M.K.; Frith, E. Potential avenues for exercise to activate episodic memory-related pathways: A narrative review. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2017, 46, 2067–2077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loprinzi, P.D.; Frith, E. A brief primer on the mediational role of BDNF in the exercise-memory link. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 2019, 39, 9–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loprinzi, P.D.; Ponce, P.; Frith, E. Hypothesized mechanisms through which acute exercise influences episodic memory. Physiol. Int. 2018, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frith, E.; Loprinzi, P.D. Physical activity and individual cognitive funcion parameters: Unique exercise-induced mechansims. J. Cogn.-Behav. Psychother. Res. 2018, 7, 92–106. [Google Scholar]
- Jo, J.S.; Chen, J.; Riechman, S.; Roig, M.; Wright, D.L. The protective effects of acute cardiovascular exercise on the interference of procedural memory. Psychol. Res. 2018, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frith, E.; Sng, E.; Loprinzi, P.D. Randomized Controlled Trial Considering Varied Exercises for Reducing Proactive Memory Interference. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haynes, I.V.J.T.; Loprinzi, P.D. Acute cardiovascular exercise on proactive memory interference. J. Cogn. Enhanc. 2019, 3, 139–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wingate, S.; Crawford, L.; Frith, E.; Loprinzi, P.D. Experimental investigation of the effects of acute exercise on memory interference. Health Promot. Perspect. 2018, 8, 208–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crawford, L.; Loprinzi, P.D. Effects of intensity-specific acute exercise on paired-associative memory and memory interference. Psychology 2019, 1, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loprinzi, P.D.; Frith, E. The Role of Sex in Memory Function: Considerations and Recommendations in the Context of Exercise. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Glass, D.J. A critique of the hypothesis, and a defense of the question, as a framework for experimentation. Clin. Chem. 2010, 56, 1080–1085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haynes, I.V.J.T.; Frith, E.; Sng, E.; Loprinzi, P.D. Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Considerations for the Timing of Exercise. Psychol. Rep. 2018, 0033294118786688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Labban, J.D.; Etnier, J.L. The Effect of Acute Exercise on Encoding and Consolidation of Long-Term Memory. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2018, 40, 336–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frith, E.; Sng, E.; Loprinzi, P.D. Randomized controlled trial evaluating the temporal effects of high-intensity exercise on learning, short-term and long-term memory, and prospective memory. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2017, 46, 2557–2564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, L.; Loprinzi, P.D. The effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function among young University students: Moderation considerations by biological sex. Health Promot. Perspect. 2019, 9, 99–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yanes, D.; Loprinzi, P.D. Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Iconic Memory, Short-Term Episodic, and Long-Term Episodic Memory. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jubelt, L.E.; Barr, R.S.; Goff, D.C.; Logvinenko, T.; Weiss, A.P.; Evins, A.E. Effects of transdermal nicotine on episodic memory in non-smokers with and without schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 2008, 199, 89–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Klaming, R.; Annese, J.; Veltman, D.J.; Comijs, H.C. Episodic memory function is affected by lifestyle factors: A 14-year follow-up study in an elderly population. Neuropsychol. Dev. Cogn. B Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 2017, 24, 528–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Henry, J.D.; Rendell, P.G. A review of the impact of pregnancy on memory function. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2007, 29, 793–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Labban, J.D.; Etnier, J.L. Effects of acute exercise on long-term memory. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2011, 82, 712–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sherman, S.M.; Buckley, T.P.; Baena, E.; Ryan, L. Caffeine Enhances Memory Performance in Young Adults during Their Non-optimal Time of Day. Front. Psychol. 2016, 7, 1764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wammes, J.D.; Good, T.J.; Fernandes, M.A. Autobiographical and episodic memory deficits in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Cogn. 2017, 111, 112–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hindocha, C.; Freeman, T.P.; Xia, J.X.; Shaban, N.D.C.; Curran, H.V. Acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of cannabis and tobacco both ‘joint’ and individually: A placebo-controlled trial. Psychol. Med. 2017, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Berre, A.P.; Fama, R.; Sullivan, E.V. Executive Functions, Memory, and Social Cognitive Deficits and Recovery in Chronic Alcoholism: A Critical Review to Inform Future Research. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2017, 41, 1432–1443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garber, C.E.; Blissmer, B.; Deschenes, M.R.; Franklin, B.A.; Lamonte, M.J.; Lee, I.M.; Nieman, D.C.; Swain, D.P. American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 1334–1359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blough, J.; Loprinzi, P.D. Experimental manipulation of psychological control scenarios: Implications for exercise and memory research. Psychology 2019, 1, 19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McNerney, M.W.; Radvansky, G.A. Mind racing: The influence of exercise on long-term memory consolidation. Memory 2015, 23, 1140–1151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rey, A. The psychological examination in cases of traumatic encepholopathy. Arch. Psychol. 1941, 28, 215–285. [Google Scholar]
- Ball, T.J.; Joy, E.A.; Gren, L.H.; Shaw, J.M. Concurrent Validity of a Self-Reported Physical Activity “Vital Sign” Questionnaire with Adult Primary Care Patients. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2016, 13, E16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsujii, T.; Komatsu, K.; Sakatani, K. Acute effects of physical exercise on prefrontal cortex activity in older adults: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2013, 765, 293–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guise, K.G.; Shapiro, M.L. Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Memory Interference by Modifying Hippocampal Encoding. Neuron 2017, 94, 183–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bekinschtein, P.; Kent, B.A.; Oomen, C.A.; Clemenson, G.D.; Gage, F.H.; Saksida, L.M.; Bussey, T.J. BDNF in the dentate gyrus is required for consolidation of “pattern-separated” memories. Cell Rep. 2013, 5, 759–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jovanovic, J.N.; Czernik, A.J.; Fienberg, A.A.; Greengard, P.; Sihra, T.S. Synapsins as mediators of BDNF-enhanced neurotransmitter release. Nat. Neurosci. 2000, 3, 323–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jonides, J.; Nee, D.E. Brain mechanisms of proactive interference in working memory. Neuroscience 2006, 139, 181–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, F.T.; Etnier, J.L.; Wu, C.H.; Cho, Y.M.; Hung, T.M.; Chang, Y.K. Dose-Response Relationship between Exercise Duration and Executive Function in Older Adults. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsieh, S.S.; Huang, C.J.; Wu, C.T.; Chang, Y.K.; Hung, T.M. Acute Exercise Facilitates the N450 Inhibition Marker and P3 Attention Marker during Stroop Test in Young and Older Adults. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McClelland, J.L.; McNaughton, B.L.; O’Reilly, R.C. Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychol. Rev. 1995, 102, 419–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loprinzi, P.D. Intensity-specific effects of acute exercise on human memory function: Considerations for the timing of exercise and the type of memory. Health Promot. Perspect. 2018, 8, 255–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loprinzi, P.D.; Blough, J.; Crawford, L.; Ryu, S.; Zou, L.; Li, H. The temporal effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delancey, D.; Frith, E.; Sng, E.; Loprinzi, P.D. Randomized controlled trial examining the long-term memory effects of acute exercise during the memory consolidation stage of memory formation. J. Cogn. Enhanc. 2018, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variable | Males (n = 20) | Females (n = 20) | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean years | 20.95 (1.1) | 20.65 (0.81) | 0.34 |
Non-Hispanic white, % | 75.0 | 95.0 | 0.11 |
BMI, mean kg/m2 | 26.20 (3.4) | 26.23 (4.8) | 0.98 |
MVPA, mean minutes/week | 224.0 (161.0) | 107.4 (72.1) | 0.006 |
Males | Females | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Exercise | Control | Exercise | Control |
Baseline heart rate, mean bpm | 84.55 (13.11) | 72.65 (14.2) | 93.75 (11.3) | 83.4 (16.0) |
Endpoint heart rate, mean bpm | 130.6 (10.2) | 76.25 (16.3) | 136.0 (11.3) | 87.25 (18.4) |
Males | Females | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Exercise | Control | Exercise | Control |
Trial 1, mean # words recalled | 5.80 (1.7) | 6.10 (1.6) | 7.20 (2.0) | 7.15 (2.0) |
List B, mean # words recalled | 6.10 (1.8) | 5.05 (1.7) | 6.40 (2.3) | 6.05 (2.0) |
Trial 1 – List B, mean # words recalled | −0.3 (1.5) | 1.05 (1.7) | 0.80 (2.5) | 1.10 (1.7) |
Trial 5, mean # words recalled | 12.20 (1.9) | 12.35 (1.9) | 13.00 (2.6) | 12.70 (1.4) |
Trial 6, mean # words recalled | 10.70 (2.4) | 10.55 (2.4) | 11.85 (2.6) | 11.60 (2.3) |
Trial 6 – Trial 5, mean # words recalled | −1.50 (1.8) | −1.80 (1.5) | −1.15 (1.7) | −1.10 (1.6) |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Johnson, L.; Crawford, L.; Zou, L.; Loprinzi, P.D. Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise in Attenuating Memory Interference: Considerations by Biological Sex. Medicina 2019, 55, 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070331
Johnson L, Crawford L, Zou L, Loprinzi PD. Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise in Attenuating Memory Interference: Considerations by Biological Sex. Medicina. 2019; 55(7):331. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070331
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohnson, Lauren, Lindsay Crawford, Liye Zou, and Paul D. Loprinzi. 2019. "Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise in Attenuating Memory Interference: Considerations by Biological Sex" Medicina 55, no. 7: 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070331