Next Article in Journal
The Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Memory Function: Systematic Review
Next Article in Special Issue
Gastric Adenocarcinoma Associated with Acute Endocarditis of the Aortic Valve and Coronary Artery Disease in a 61-Year-Old Male with Multiple Comorbidities—Combined Surgical Management—Case Report
Previous Article in Journal
Predominant Complications of Type 2 Diabetes in Kumasi: A 4-Year Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study at a Teaching Hospital in Ghana
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Medicina
Volume 55
Issue 5
10.3390/medicina55050126
medicina-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Radiation-Induced Heart Diseases: Protective Effects of Natural Products

by
Ahmed Eleojo Musa
1,2,* and
Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
3
1
Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), International Campus, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
2
Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, TUMS, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
3
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan 62010, Iraq
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Medicina 2019, 55(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050126
Submission received: 2 April 2019 / Revised: 27 April 2019 / Accepted: 7 May 2019 / Published: 9 May 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heart Failure and Inflammation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for the majority of deaths worldwide. Radiation-induced heart diseases (RIHD) is one of the side effects following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). Exposure could be from various forms such as diagnostic imaging, radiotherapy for cancer treatment, as well as nuclear disasters and nuclear accidents. RIHD is mostly observed after radiotherapy for thoracic malignancies, especially left breast cancer. RIHD may affect the supply of blood to heart muscles, leading to an increase in the risk of heart attacks to irradiated persons. Due to its dose-limiting consequence, RIHD has a negative effect on the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy. Several methods have been proposed for protection against RIHD. In this paper, we review the use of natural products, which have shown promising results for protection against RIHD.

1. Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of mortality worldwide [1]. They include all heart and circulatory diseases such as heart attack, angina, coronary heart disease, stroke, congenital heart disease, hypertension, and vascular dementia. Nowadays, humans are exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) in various forms, including diagnostic imaging and therapeutic purposes. While diagnostic imaging accounts for most radiation exposure to humans [2,3,4,5], more than half of cancer patients make use of IR during their course of treatment (a process known as radiation therapy or radiotherapy) [6].
One of the side effects following exposure to IR is radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD). RIHD could appear in the form of coronary artery disease, pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, and myocardial fibrosis, pericardial effusions or constriction, ischemia, valvular disease, arrhythmias, etc. [7,8]. Although, these complications could arise in patients undergoing radiotherapy for various malignancies in the thoracic and mediastinal regions, such as lung cancer, a large portion has been observed in left breast cancer patients irradiated at the chest [9]. This is unsurprising considering the close proximity between the left breast and the heart. Studies have also shown an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) after radiotherapy of left breast cancer compared to the right [10,11]. The dose-limiting consequences of these complications can negatively affect the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy for thoracic malignancies [12,13].
The incidence of RIHD has been associated with exposure to IR doses in order of tens of Gray (Gy) [14,15]. However, epidemiological findings have shown that exposure to IR doses of ≤4 Gy has also been associated with RIHD [16,17,18,19]. A typical example is radiation exposures from nuclear accidents, bomb blasts, as well as radiation disasters. Years after the Hiroshima and Nagasaki as well as Chernobyl disasters, some survivors experienced symptoms of RIHD [20]. These side effects negatively affect the supply of blood to heart muscles, leading to an increase in the risk of heart attacks to irradiated persons [16].
The increasing incidence of RIHD has also placed a huge demand for non-invasive cardiovascular imaging modalities, including cardiac computed tomography (CT) scans as well as myocardial perfusion imaging, with single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) [21]. The effective radiation doses from these imaging modalities range between 1 to 20 mSv [22]. Although, these radiation doses are considerably low with minimal side effects, the risk of complications due to its overuse could also arise [23]. It was reported that 14%–22% of cardiac imaging tests in the US were inappropriate [24,25]. Hence, the need for effective management of these cardiac imaging techniques.

2. Mechanism of Radiation-Induced Heart Disease

IR interacts with cellular components directly and indirectly. Direct effects involve the direct interaction between IR and the DNA. For indirect effects, free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are produced from the radiolysis of water molecules, interact with surrounding DNA molecules to cause damages [26]. IR-induced toxicities, can be in the form of cancerous as well as non-cancerous effects. It has been shown that a linear relationship exists between exposure to IR and carcinogenesis (cancer formation) for clinical radiation doses between 0.15–1.5 Gy [27]. IR-induced DNA damages, which are mostly due to indirect effects, include base damages, crosslinks, single-strand breaks (SSBs), and double-strand breaks (DSBs). Among these damages, which can either occur separately or in combination with another, resulting to complex DNA damage, DSBs are the most severe [28,29]. Although DSBs can be remedied, inadequate repairs could lead to mutations (non-cancerous) and subsequent carcinogenesis [30,31]. While IR damages both normal and cancerous cells, normal cells have greater capacity to repair this damage. This is the underlying principle behind fractionated radiotherapy, in which radiation doses to tumor cells are delivered in multiple small daily doses, to allow for the repopulation and repair of non-cancerous cells, while still providing the toxic effect to the cancerous cells.
IR initiates and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. Factors affecting these responses include radiation type, dose, dose rate, intensity/fractionation, method of delivery, field size, and total cumulative dose [32]. Recent evidences have revealed the roles of complex DNA damage on the strong association between radiation response with inflammatory and immune responses. Complex DNA damage also has a crucial role in IR-induced carcinogenesis [33,34]. Failed or delayed repair of complex DNA damage leads to senescence or cell death including apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis. These processes activate the extracellular release of “danger” signals, otherwise known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs: ATP, short DNAs/RNAs, ROS, heat shock proteins (HSPs), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB)-1, S100 proteins, etc.) [35]. Subsequently, DAMPs trigger different pattern recognition receptors (PRPs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes, leading to inflammation and immune-related pathologies.
Another mechanism through which IR induces toxicities is via systemic effect, also known as “non-targeted effect” (NTE). It is a process in which cells or tissues, which do not directly interact with IR, are induced with complex radiation effects including bystander effect, radioadaptive response, and genomic instability. Furthermore, systemic effect has been observed for radiation doses < 1 Gy [35]. Together with immune responses, systemic effect is important in assessing radiation effects as well as reversal to normal physiological state. Moreover, the release of DAMPs from directly irradiated lungs has been shown to impair left ventricular diastolic function in the heart via triggering excessive inflammation and immune response [36].
Radiation-induced side effects can also be early or late, with its severity varying with radiation dose as well as organ type [37]. Early effects such as apoptosis, lymphocyte adhesion and infiltration, vascular permeability, increased endothelial cell swelling, and edema could occur within hours after radiation exposure [38]. However, late effects, including necrosis, organ dysfunction, death, cancer, etc. may arise months to years following exposure [39].
RIHD is a late effect of radiation exposure, with tissue fibrosis as a common endpoint. Fibrosis in the coronary and carotid arteries may disrupt normal blood supply of heart muscles, leading to ischemia and heart failure. Irradiation of tissues could give rise to cell death via apoptosis, necrosis, and mitotic catastrophe, leading to infiltration of inflammatory cells such as mast cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages [40]. Consequently, the chronic secretion of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines, such as transforming growth factor (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukins (IL) (IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13) leads to the upregulation of the expressions of some pro-oxidant enzymes, such as NADPH oxidase (NOX), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [41,42]. These upregulations are responsible for radiation-induced chronic oxidative stress and fibrosis. Histological findings have also shown that accumulation of inflammatory cells has a crucial role in the onset of chronic oxidative damage, inflammation, and fibrosis, thereby causing variations in the normal features of the heart as well as an increase in the risk of heart attack [43].
Studies have shown that the continuous production of free radicals through immune system-redox interactions has a major role in the late effects of exposure to radiation in heart tissue, which include inflammation and fibrosis [44]. Oxidative stress gives rise to inflammatory mediators, proteases, and adhesion molecules, as well as a reduction in nitric oxide, a vascular protectant that inhibits platelet aggregation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscles [43]. The association between oxidative stress and inflammation has also been linked to nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a protein complex responsible for the regulation of DNA transcription as well as cellular responses to irradiation [45,46].

3. Protection against Radiation-Induced Heart Disease

The rising incidence of RIHD has brought about several approaches towards its prevention. As previously mentioned, most human exposures to IR are due to diagnostic imaging modalities. Therefore, the most basic and important radiation protection strategy is the principle of justification, in which benefits and risks from the use of IR are carefully evaluated. Although, this principle is patient-dependent as well as at physician’s discretion, several guidelines have been published by organizations, such as the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), for better implementation of this principle [21,47]. Briefly, the ACCF guideline describes an appropriate cardiovascular imaging procedure as one in which the expected diagnostic information, in addition to clinical judgement, is far more than possible negative effects [48]. The ESC guideline takes into consideration the differences between the various cardiovascular indications. Therefore, while an imaging modality may be inappropriate for a certain clinical indication, it may be appropriate for use in others [49].
Dose-lowering approaches may also be beneficial to patients as well as physicians [50]. Advancements in radiotherapy methods, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), conformal radiotherapy, image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), limit the radiation doses to the irradiated volume, thereby sparing normal tissues during irradiation [51,52]. Another approach—heavy particle radiation—utilizes the Bragg peak phenomenon in reducing dose delivered to healthy tissues [53].
The need to neutralize free radicals, or repair damages induced by these free radicals, forms the basis in the development of radioprotective agents, also known as radioprotectors. An ideal radioprotector should have minimal toxicities and protect normal tissues but not tumor cells [54]. Availability as well as cost effectiveness are also important factors to be considered [55]. A review by Zhang et al. highlighted several natural products including Dan-Hong, San-Yang-Xue-Dai, fermented Cordyceps sinensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza, curcumin, saponin dioscin, modified Zhi-Gan-Cao-Tang, platycodon grandiflorum, flaxseed oil, parsley oil, blueberry anthocyanins-enriched extract, rubia cordifolia, Sheng-Mai-San, and zingerone, which have shown protective effects against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity [56].
In present study, we review the various natural products that have been investigated for protection against RIHD. The choice of natural products is because of their low toxicities, availability and cost effectiveness.

4. Hesperidin

Hesperidin (hesperetin-7-rhamnoglucoside) is a bioflavonoid found in citrus fruits such as tangerine, orange, lemon, and grape, as well as in plant extracts such as tea and olive oil. The peels of these plants have the highest concentration of hesperidin. It has been used to treat inflammatory as well as allergy diseases [57]. It has also been employed in the treatment of cardiovascular and neurological disorders [58,59]. Studies have shown that hesperidin possesses antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, decreasing capillary fragility, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects [60].
The radioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin against RIHD have been investigated. In a study by Rezaeyan et al., rats, which were treated with 100 mg/kg hesperidin orally for seven consecutive days before thoracic exposure to 18 Gy single dose gamma radiation, showed improvement in survival. Furthermore, reduction of oxidative damage, vascular leakage, inflammation, fibrosis, and infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells were also observed [61]. Park et al. showed that oral administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg hesperidin doses for seven consecutive days after gamma (γ) irradiation with 5 Gy was effective in ameliorating serum heart disease markers [5]. Pradeep et al. investigated the ability of hesperidin to repair cardiocellular damage following whole-body γ-irradiation [62]. After exposure to a single dose of 5 Gy γ-radiation, they administered 50 and 100 mg/kg hesperidin orally to rats for seven consecutive days. Their results showed that hesperidin treatment post-irradiation significantly ameliorated lipid peroxidation, decreased protein carbonyl levels, reduced cathepsin-D levels, decreased activity of xanthine oxidase, prevented severe destruction to cardiac muscles, and improved glutathione (GSH) content as well as antioxidant level in the heart, in a dose–dependent manner.

5. Curcumin

Curcumin (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione), also known as diferuloylmethane, is the major natural polyphenol found in the rhizome of Curcuma longa (turmeric) as well as other Curcuma spp [63]. It is commonly used in traditional Indian and Chinese medicines. It possesses abilities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory [64], antimutagenic, antimicrobial [65,66], and anticancer [67,68]. Curcumin’s anti-inflammatory property is responsible for its radioprotective effect, while its anticancer ability makes it a suitable radiosensitizer [69,70,71]. As a free radical scavenger, curcumin can protect against lipid peroxidation and also neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [72,73].
The radioprotective effect of curcumin on heart tissues was investigated by Kolivand et al. Rats were orally administered 150 mg/kg curcumin for seven consecutive days (one day before and six days after exposure to 15 Gy γ rays). Their results 10 weeks after irradiation showed that curcumin attenuated the upregulation of IL-4 protein and its receptor, IL4Ra1, as well as prevented infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. It also attenuated the expression of dual oxidases (Duox1 and Duox2), enzymes responsible for the stabilization of extracellular matrix via oxidative cross-linking [74].

6. Melatonin

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a hormone largely secreted in the pineal gland, was discovered in 1958 by Aaron Lerner [75]. It has also been observed in various organs and tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) [76,77,78] and some leucocytes [79,80]. It is involved in the circadian regulation of biological and endocrine functions such as mood, sleep, sexual progression and reproduction, immune activities, aging, etc. [81,82,83]. In plants, melatonin can be found in cereals, olive, walnuts, tomatoes, pineapple, ginger, legumes, etc. [84]. The concentration of melatonin in the body differs with time, with its peak secretion at night and lowest during the day [85,86,87,88,89,90]. Melatonin possesses antiapoptotic [91], antioxidant [92], anti-inflammatory [93], tumor sensitizing [94], as well as neuroprotective abilities [95]. Clinical studies have shown promising results in its use in radiotherapy for preventing complications such as dermatitis, and oral mucositis [96,97,98].
Gürses et al. evaluated the ability of melatonin to prevent RIHD. Rats received 50 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneally 15 min before exposure to a single dose of 18 Gy γ radiation. Histopathological assessments six months after irradiation showed that, compared to the non-treated group, melatonin prevented vasculitis as well as decreased myocyte necrosis and fibrosis [99]. Amelioration of oxidative damage to heart tissues of mice who received intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg melatonin 30 min before exposure to 5 Gy γ rays was observed by Abadi et al. In addition, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly increased [100].

7. Selenium

Selenium was discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1818 [101]. It is a trace element necessary for the formation of various selenoproteins, which have vital roles in important metabolic processes. Selenoenzymes and selenoproteins are important antioxidant enzymes in the body [102]. Its combination with curcumin was investigated by Amini et al. for its ability to prevent RIHD. Rats received the combination of curcumin (150 mg/kg orally) and selenium- L-methionine (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally), one day before and three consecutive days after exposure to 15 Gy γ rays to their chest areas. Their results 10 weeks post irradiation showed that this combination led to significant reductions in the expressions of IL4Ra1, Duox1, and Duox2, hence implying protection against RIHD via modulation of redox system and chronic oxidative stress [103].

8. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a natural bioactive compound found in honeybee propolis as well as wine [104], and has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties [105]. Yilmaz et al. observed that a CAPE concentration of 10 µmol administered intraperitoneally inhibits the production of ROS in human neutrophils as well as xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XO) system [106].
In a study by Mansour and Tawfik, they investigated the ability of CAPE to prevent RIHD. CAPE dose of 10 µmol/kg was administered intraperitoneally to rats for seven consecutive days after exposure to 7 Gy γ radiation. This led to significant reductions in the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO), and adenosine deaminase (ADA), as well as significant increase in the levels of total nitrate/nitrite (NO(x)) and SOD in heart tissue. Furthermore, serum lipid levels and cardiac enzymes were restored [107].

9. Black Grape Juice

Black grape juice (BGJ) is rich in resveratrol and quercetin with potent anticancer abilities [108]. These antitumor effects have also been observed in several studies [109,110]. It has been shown to prevent RIHD in rats. Each animal was treated 2 mL/day of BGJ via gavage one week before and four days after whole body exposure to 6 Gy γ radiation. A significant reduction in MDA was observed for the irradiated group who were administered BGJ, indicating its positive effect against oxidative damage to the heart [111].

10. Zingerone

Zingerone [4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butan-2-one], a natural polyphenol, is one of the components of ginger (commonly used as herb or spice). Zingerone, in addition to gingerols, shogaols and paradols, constitute the pungent sensation exhibited in ginger [112]. Studies have shown that zingerone possesses antioxidant [113,114], anti-inflammatory [115], anticancer [116], and antimicrobial [117] effects, as well as protects against radiation-induced cytotoxicity [118] and genotoxicity [119].
The cardioprotective effect of zingerone against IR-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis was investigated by Soliman et al. [120]. Daily doses (25 mg/kg) of zingerone were administered to rats via intragastric intubation for three weeks before exposure to a single dose of 6 Gy γ-radiation to whole body. Their results showed that pre-treatment with zingerone led to significant reduction in abnormalities to heart tissues as well as increased radiation-induced cardiotoxicity indexes, including serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-MB activities, in addition to plasma cardiac troponin T and B-natriuretic peptide. Furthermore, oxidative stress was ameliorated, as indicated by a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) level, as well as significant increase in both GSH and catalase activities. Moreover, zingerone administration led to a reduction in inflammatory markers, such as serum level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cardiac myeloperoxidase activity, and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression. Finally, it attenuated the decrease in the activities of mitochondrial complexes, and mitigated the effects of elevated caspase-3 gene expression and prominent nuclear DNA fragmentation.

11. Sheng-Mai-San

Sheng-Mai-San (SMS) is a common herbal formula in traditional Chinese medicine. Its constituents include Panax ginseng, Ophiopogon japonicus, and Schisandra chinensis. SMS has been shown to possess antioxidant properties [121,122]. Epidemiological findings have revealed the use of SMS in the treatment of various diseases for over 800 years [123]. Initially, SMS was used in treating deficiencies of qi and yin syndromes of CVDs, which are associated with symptoms of fatigue, weakness, heat stroke, thirst, etc. [124]. Presently, SMS has wide range of applications in the treatments of cancer [125], myocardial ischemia [126], myocardial infarction [127], as well as protects against right ventricular dysfunction [123], myocardial injury [121], and renal ischemia [128]. Its long-term administration has also been shown to improve quality of life of patients with pulmonary heart diseases [129,130].
A clinical trial by Lo et al. was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of SMS in the treatment of adult cancer patients (≥ 18 years) undergoing radiotherapy [131]. The patients were administered eight 0.5 mg SMS capsules orally, thrice a day for four weeks. Using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life questionnaire (QOL-C30), their results showed that treatment with SMS alleviated radiotherapy-induced side effects as well as improved heart function.
The mechanisms by which these reviewed natural products protect against RIHD are summarized in Table 1.

12. Conclusions

The rising incidence of cardiovascular diseases is of great concern. It has been estimated that by 2030 the annual mortality from CVDs will hit more than 23.3 million people [132]. Therefore, concerted efforts should be intensified to ensure that the risk factors of CVDs are controlled or prevented in order to minimize the risks of CVDs. This review was centered on one of the common risk factors of CVDs: exposure to IR. The increasing use of IR for cancer treatment, as well as for diagnostic purposes, may give rise to RIHD if adequate protective measures are not in place. Experimental evidences have shown that the reviewed natural products have the potentials for possible protection against RIHD. Their potentials will still require further evaluation by conducting more experimental studies to confirm previous results. Furthermore, no toxicities from the administration of these natural products were observed, thereby dispelling safety concerns in future clinical trials. However, the efficacy of these products is yet to be examined in clinical trials, except for Sheng-Mai-San (NCT number: NCT01580358). Hence, we suggest future clinical trials using these reviewed natural products to examine if the administered experimental doses would be realistic in a clinical situation, as well as for more insights due to possible differences between experimental outcomes involving cells or animals and those from humans. In addition, the molecular mechanisms through which their radioprotection is achieved should be further elucidated. This will go a long way in reducing the incidence of RIHD as well as to improve therapeutic index of radiotherapy.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: A.E.M., and D.S.; data curation, A.E.M., and D.S.; writing—original draft preparation, A.E.M., and D.S.; writing—review and editing, A.E.M., and D.S.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Yusuf, S.W.; Venkatesulu, B.P.; Mahadevan, L.S.; Krishnan, S. Radiation-induced cardiovascular disease: A clinical perspective. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2017, 4, 66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. De Gonzalez, A.B.; Darby, S. Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: Estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet 2004, 363, 345–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. De González, A.B.; Mahesh, M.; Kim, K.-P.; Bhargavan, M.; Lewis, R.; Mettler, F.; Land, C. Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169, 2071–2077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Fazel, R.; Krumholz, H.M.; Wang, Y.; Ross, J.S.; Chen, J.; Ting, H.H.; Shah, N.D.; Nasir, K.; Einstein, A.J.; Nallamothu, B.K. Exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation from medical imaging procedures. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361, 849–857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Park, S.H.; Pradeep, K.; Ko, K.C. Protective effect of hesperidin against γ-radiation induced oxidative stress in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharm. Biol. 2009, 47, 940–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Ringborg, U.; Bergqvist, D.; Brorsson, B.; Cavallin-Ståhl, E.; Ceberg, J.; Einhorn, N.; Frödin, J.-E.; Järhult, J.; Lamnevik, G.; Lindholm, C. The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) systematic overview of radiotherapy for cancer including a prospective survey of radiotherapy practice in Sweden 2001—Summary and conclusions. Acta Oncol. 2003, 42, 357–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: An overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005, 366, 2087–2106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Darby, S.C.; Cutter, D.J.; Boerma, M.; Constine, L.S.; Fajardo, L.F.; Kodama, K.; Mabuchi, K.; Marks, L.B.; Mettler, F.A.; Pierce, L.J. Radiation-related heart disease: Current knowledge and future prospects. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2010, 76, 656–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Stewart, J.R.; Fajardo, L.F. Radiation-induced heart disease. Clinical and experimental aspects. Radiol. Clin. N. Am. 1971, 9, 511–531. [Google Scholar]
  10. Corradini, S.; Ballhausen, H.; Weingandt, H.; Freislederer, P.; Schonecker, S.; Niyazi, M.; Simonetto, C.; Eidemuller, M.; Ganswindt, U.; Belka, C. Left-sided breast cancer and risks of secondary lung cancer and ischemic heart disease: Effects of modern radiotherapy techniques. Strahlenther. Onkol. 2018, 194, 196–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Taylor, C.W.; Kirby, A.M. Cardiac Side-effects From Breast Cancer Radiotherapy. Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.) 2015, 27, 621–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Ghafoori, P.; Marks, L.B.; Vujaskovic, Z.; Kelsey, C.R. Radiation-induced lung injury. Assessment, management, and prevention. Oncology (Williston Park) 2008, 22, 37–47. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  13. Graves, P.R.; Siddiqui, F.; Anscher, M.S.; Movsas, B. Radiation pulmonary toxicity: From mechanisms to management. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 2010, 20, 201–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Boice, J.D., Jr. An affair of the heart. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2007, 99, 186–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Schultz-Hector, S.; Trott, K.R. Radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases: Is the epidemiologic evidence compatible with the radiobiologic data? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2007, 67, 10–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Shimizu, Y.; Kodama, K.; Nishi, N.; Kasagi, F.; Suyama, A.; Soda, M.; Grant, E.J.; Sugiyama, H.; Sakata, R.; Moriwaki, H.; et al. Radiation exposure and circulatory disease risk: Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor data, 1950–2003. BMJ 2010, 340, b5349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Shimizu, Y.; Kato, H.; Schull, W.J.; Hoel, D.G. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors. 9. Mortality, 1950–1985: Part 3. Noncancer mortality based on the revised doses (DS86). Radiat. Res. 1992, 130, 249–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Shimizu, Y.; Pierce, D.A.; Preston, D.L.; Mabuchi, K. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, part II. Noncancer mortality: 1950–1990. Radiat. Res. 1999, 152, 374–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Preston, D.L.; Shimizu, Y.; Pierce, D.A.; Suyama, A.; Mabuchi, K. Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 13: Solid cancer and noncancer disease mortality: 1950–1997. Radiat. Res. 2003, 160, 381–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Douple, E.B.; Mabuchi, K.; Cullings, H.M.; Preston, D.L.; Kodama, K.; Shimizu, Y.; Fujiwara, S.; Shore, R.E. Long-term radiation-related health effects in a unique human population: Lessons learned from the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2011, 5 (Suppl. 1), S122–S133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Einstein, A.J.; Knuuti, J. Cardiac imaging: Does radiation matter? Eur. Heart J. 2012, 33, 573–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Paterick, T.E.; Jan, M.F.; Paterick, Z.R.; Tajik, A.J.; Gerber, T.C. Cardiac imaging modalities with ionizing radiation: The role of informed consent. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2012, 5, 634–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Shapiro, B.P.; Mergo, P.J.; Snipelisky, D.F.; Kantor, B.; Gerber, T.C. Radiation dose in cardiac imaging: How should it affect clinical decisions? AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2013, 200, 508–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Miller, J.A.; Raichlin, E.; Williamson, E.E.; McCully, R.B.; Pellikka, P.A.; Hodge, D.O.; Miller, T.D.; Gibbons, R.J.; Araoz, P.A. Evaluation of coronary CTA Appropriateness Criteria in an academic medical center. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2010, 7, 125–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Hendel, R.C.; Cerqueira, M.; Douglas, P.S.; Caruth, K.C.; Allen, J.M.; Jensen, N.C.; Pan, W.; Brindis, R.; Wolk, M. A multicenter assessment of the use of single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging with appropriateness criteria. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 55, 156–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Wang, H.; Mu, X.; He, H.; Zhang, X.D. Cancer Radiosensitizers. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2018, 39, 24–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Shah, D.; Sachs, R.; Wilson, D. Radiation-induced cancer: A modern view. Br. J. Radiol. 2012, 85, e1166–e1173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Van Gent, D.C.; Hoeijmakers, J.H.; Kanaar, R. Chromosomal stability and the DNA double-stranded break connection. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2001, 2, 196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Mavragani, I.; Nikitaki, Z.; Souli, M.; Aziz, A.; Nowsheen, S.; Aziz, K.; Rogakou, E.; Georgakilas, A. Complex DNA damage: A route to radiation-induced genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Cancers 2017, 9, 91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Jeggo, P.; Löbrich, M. DNA double-strand breaks: Their cellular and clinical impact? Oncogene 2007, 26, 7717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Löbrich, M.; Jeggo, P.A. The impact of a negligent G2/M checkpoint on genomic instability and cancer induction. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2007, 7, 861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Di Maggio, F.M.; Minafra, L.; Forte, G.I.; Cammarata, F.P.; Lio, D.; Messa, C.; Gilardi, M.C.; Bravatà, V. Portrait of inflammatory response to ionizing radiation treatment. J. Inflamm. 2015, 12, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Eccles, L.J.; O’Neill, P.; Lomax, M.E. Delayed repair of radiation induced clustered DNA damage: Friend or foe? Mutat. Res. 2011, 711, 134–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Lomax, M.; Folkes, L.; O’neill, P. Biological consequences of radiation-induced DNA damage: Relevance to radiotherapy. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 25, 578–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Mavragani, I.V.; Laskaratou, D.A.; Frey, B.; Candéias, S.M.; Gaipl, U.S.; Lumniczky, K.; Georgakilas, A.G. Key mechanisms involved in ionizing radiation-induced systemic effects. A current review. Toxicol. Res. (Camb.) 2016, 5, 12–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Ghobadi, G.; van der Veen, S.; Bartelds, B.; de Boer, R.A.; Dickinson, M.G.; de Jong, J.R.; Faber, H.; Niemantsverdriet, M.; Brandenburg, S.; Berger, R.M. Physiological interaction of heart and lung in thoracic irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2012, 84, e639–e646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Rodemann, H.P.; Blaese, M.A. Responses of normal cells to ionizing radiation. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 2007, 17, 81–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Pena, L.A.; Fuks, Z.; Kolesnick, R. Stress-induced apoptosis and the sphingomyelin pathway. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1997, 53, 615–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Pena, L.A.; Fuks, Z.; Kolesnick, R.N. Radiation-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells in the murine central nervous system: Protection by fibroblast growth factor and sphingomyelinase deficiency. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 321–327. [Google Scholar]
  40. Boerma, M.; Nelson, G.A.; Sridharan, V.; Mao, X.W.; Koturbash, I.; Hauer-Jensen, M. Space radiation and cardiovascular disease risk. World J. Cardiol. 2015, 7, 882–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Yahyapour, R.; Amini, P.; Rezapour, S.; Cheki, M.; Rezaeyan, A.; Farhood, B.; Shabeeb, D.; Musa, A.E.; Fallah, H.; Najafi, M. Radiation-induced inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Mil. Med. Res. 2018, 5, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Gao, X.; Schottker, B. Reduction-oxidation pathways involved in cancer development: A systematic review of literature reviews. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 51888–51906. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  43. Taunk, N.K.; Haffty, B.G.; Kostis, J.B.; Goyal, S. Radiation-induced heart disease: Pathologic abnormalities and putative mechanisms. Front. Oncol. 2015, 5, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Farhood, B.; Goradel, N.H.; Mortezaee, K.; Khanlarkhani, N.; Salehi, E.; Nashtaei, M.S.; Shabeeb, D.; Musa, A.E.; Fallah, H.; Najafi, M. Intercellular communications-redox interactions in radiation toxicity; potential targets for radiation mitigation. J. Cell Commun. Signal. 2019, 13, 3–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Weintraub, N.L.; Jones, W.K.; Manka, D. Understanding radiation-induced vascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 55, 1237–1239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Halle, M.; Gabrielsen, A.; Paulsson-Berne, G.; Gahm, C.; Agardh, H.E.; Farnebo, F.; Tornvall, P. Sustained inflammation due to nuclear factor-kappa B activation in irradiated human arteries. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 55, 1227–1236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Picano, E.; Vano, E. The radiation issue in cardiology: The time for action is now. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound 2011, 9, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Patel, M.R.; Spertus, J.A.; Brindis, R.G.; Hendel, R.C.; Douglas, P.S.; Peterson, E.D.; Wolk, M.J.; Allen, J.M.; Raskin, I.E. ACCF proposed method for evaluating the appropriateness of cardiovascular imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005, 46, 1606–1613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Garbi, M.; Edvardsen, T.; Bax, J.; Petersen, S.E.; McDonagh, T.; Filippatos, G.; Lancellotti, P.; Fox, K.; Sechtem, U.; Bengel, F. EACVI appropriateness criteria for the use of cardiovascular imaging in heart failure derived from European National Imaging Societies voting. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2016, 17, 711–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Halliburton, S.S.; Schoenhagen, P. Cardiovascular imaging with computed tomography: Responsible steps to balancing diagnostic yield and radiation exposure. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2010, 3, 536–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Thariat, J.; Hannoun-Levi, J.M.; Sun Myint, A.; Vuong, T.; Gerard, J.P. Past, present, and future of radiotherapy for the benefit of patients. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 10, 52–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Narmani, A.; Farhood, B.; Haghi-Aminjan, H.; Mortezazadeh, T.; Aliasgharzadeh, A.; Mohseni, M.; Najafi, M.; Abbasi, H. Gadolinium nanoparticles as diagnostic and therapeutic agents: Their delivery systems in magnetic resonance imaging and neutron capture therapy. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2018, 44, 457–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Schardt, D.; Elsässer, T.; Schulz-Ertner, D. Heavy-ion tumor therapy: Physical and radiobiological benefits. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2010, 82, 383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Citrin, D.; Cotrim, A.P.; Hyodo, F.; Baum, B.J.; Krishna, M.C.; Mitchell, J.B. Radioprotectors and mitigators of radiation-induced normal tissue injury. Oncologist 2010, 15, 360–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Hosseinimehr, S.J. Trends in the development of radioprotective agents. Drug Discov. Today 2007, 12, 794–805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Zhang, Q.-Y.; Wang, F.-X.; Jia, K.-K.; Kong, L.-D. Natural product interventions for chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced side effects. Front. Pharmacol. 2018, 9, 1253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Yamada, M.; Tanabe, F.; Arai, N.; Mitsuzumi, H.; Miwa, Y.; Kubota, M.; Chaen, H.; Kibata, M. Bioavailability of glucosyl hesperidin in rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2006, 70, 1386–1394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Cho, J. Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2006, 29, 699–706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Roohbakhsh, A.; Parhiz, H.; Soltani, F.; Rezaee, R.; Iranshahi, M. Molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects of hesperidin and hesperetin for the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci. 2015, 124, 64–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  60. Garg, A.; Garg, S.; Zaneveld, L.J.; Singla, A.K. Chemistry and pharmacology of the Citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytother. Res. 2001, 15, 655–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Rezaeyan, A.; Haddadi, G.H.; Hosseinzadeh, M.; Moradi, M.; Najafi, M. Radioprotective effects of hesperidin on oxidative damages and histopathological changes induced by X-irradiation in rats heart tissue. J. Med. Phys. 2016, 41, 182–191. [Google Scholar]
  62. Pradeep, K.; Ko, K.C.; Choi, M.H.; Kang, J.A.; Chung, Y.J.; Park, S.H. Protective effect of hesperidin, a citrus flavanoglycone, against gamma-radiation-induced tissue damage in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Med. Food. 2012, 15, 419–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Aggarwal, B.B.; Kumar, A.; Bharti, A.C. Anticancer potential of curcumin: Preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Res. 2003, 23, 363–398. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  64. Lestari, M.L.; Indrayanto, G. Curcumin. Profiles Drug Subst. Excip. Relat. Methodol. 2014, 39, 113–204. [Google Scholar]
  65. Mahady, G.B.; Pendland, S.L.; Yun, G.; Lu, Z.Z. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and curcumin inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori, a group 1 carcinogen. Anticancer Res. 2002, 22, 4179–4181. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  66. Reddy, R.C.; Vatsala, P.G.; Keshamouni, V.G.; Padmanaban, G.; Rangarajan, P.N. Curcumin for malaria therapy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 326, 472–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  67. Vera-Ramirez, L.; Perez-Lopez, P.; Varela-Lopez, A.; Ramirez-Tortosa, M.; Battino, M.; Quiles, J.L. Curcumin and liver disease. Biofactors 2013, 39, 88–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  68. Wright, L.E.; Frye, J.B.; Gorti, B.; Timmermann, B.N.; Funk, J.L. Bioactivity of turmeric-derived curcuminoids and related metabolites in breast cancer. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2013, 19, 6218–6225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Fan, Z.; Yao, J.; Li, Y.; Hu, X.; Shao, H.; Tian, X. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of curcumin on acute lung injury in a rodent model of intestinal ischemia reperfusion by inhibiting the pathway of NF-Kb. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015, 8, 3451–3459. [Google Scholar]
  70. Jordan, B.C.; Mock, C.D.; Thilagavathi, R.; Selvam, C. Molecular mechanisms of curcumin and its semisynthetic analogues in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. Life Sci. 2016, 152, 135–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  71. Wilken, R.; Veena, M.S.; Wang, M.B.; Srivatsan, E.S. Curcumin: A review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol. Cancer 2011, 10, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  72. Jha, N.S.; Mishra, S.; Jha, S.K.; Surolia, A. Antioxidant activity and electrochemical elucidation of the enigmatic redox behavior of curcumin and its structurally modified analogues. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 151, 574–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Al-Rubaei, Z.M.; Mohammad, T.U.; Ali, L.K. Effects of local curcumin on oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in vivo study. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2014, 17, 1237–1241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Kolivand, S.; Amini, P.; Saffar, H.; Rezapoor, S.; Motevaseli, E.; Najafi, M.; Nouruzi, F.; Shabeeb, D.; Musa, A.E. Evaluating the Radioprotective Effect of Curcumin on Rat’s Heart Tissues. Curr. Radiopharm. 2019, 12, 23–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  75. Vijayalaxmi; Reiter, R.J.; Tan, D.X.; Herman, T.S.; Thomas, C.R., Jr. Melatonin as a radioprotective agent: A review. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2004, 59, 639–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Pandi-Perumal, S.R.; Srinivasan, V.; Maestroni, G.J.; Cardinali, D.P.; Poeggeler, B.; Hardeland, R. Melatonin: Nature’s most versatile biological signal? FEBS J. 2006, 273, 2813–2838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  77. Hardeland, R. Melatonin, hormone of darkness and more: Occurrence, control mechanisms, actions and bioactive metabolites. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2008, 65, 2001–2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Hardeland, R.; Cardinali, D.P.; Srinivasan, V.; Spence, D.W.; Brown, G.M.; Pandi-Perumal, S.R. Melatonin—A pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule. Prog. Neurobiol. 2011, 93, 350–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Carrillo-Vico, A.; Calvo, J.R.; Abreu, P.; Lardone, P.J.; Garcia-Maurino, S.; Reiter, R.J.; Guerrero, J.M. Evidence of melatonin synthesis by human lymphocytes and its physiological significance: Possible role as intracrine, autocrine, and/or paracrine substance. FASEB J. 2004, 18, 537–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Carrillo-Vico, A.; Guerrero, J.M.; Lardone, P.J.; Reiter, R.J. A review of the multiple actions of melatonin on the immune system. Endocrine 2005, 27, 189–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Allegra, M.; Reiter, R.; Tan, D.X.; Gentile, C.; Tesoriere, L.; Livrea, M. The chemistry of melatonin’s interaction with reactive species. J. Pineal Res. 2003, 34, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  82. Brzezinski, A. Melatonin in humans. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 336, 186–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  83. Grant, S.G.; Melan, M.A.; Latimer, J.J.; Witt-Enderby, P.A. Melatonin and breast cancer: Cellular mechanisms, clinical studies and future perspectives. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 2009, 11, e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Meng, X.; Li, Y.; Li, S.; Zhou, Y.; Gan, R.Y.; Xu, D.P.; Li, H.B. Dietary Sources and Bioactivities of Melatonin. Nutrients 2017, 9, 367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  85. Claustrat, B.; Geoffriau, M.; Brun, J.; Chazot, G. Melatonin in humans: A biochemical marker of the circadian clock and an endogenous synchronizer. Neurophysiol. Clin. 1995, 25, 351–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Fellenberg, A.J.; Phillipou, G.; Seamark, R.F. Measurement of urinary production rates of melatonin as an index of human pineal function. Endocr. Res. Commun. 1980, 7, 167–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  87. Pelham, R.W.; Vaughan, G.M.; Sandock, K.L.; Vaughan, M.K. Twenty-four-hour cycle of a melatonin-like substance in the plasma of human males. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1973, 37, 341–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  88. Reiter, R.J. Melatonin: The chemical expression of darkness. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1991, 79, C153–C158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. Snyder, S.H.; Axelrod, J.; Zweig, M. Circadian rhythm in the serotonin content of the rat pineal gland: Regulating factors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1967, 158, 206–213. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  90. Waldhauser, F.; Dietzel, M. Daily and annual rhythms in human melatonin secretion: Role in puberty control. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1985, 453, 205–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  91. Jang, S.S.; Kim, W.D.; Park, W.Y. Melatonin exerts differential actions on X-ray radiation-induced apoptosis in normal mice splenocytes and Jurkat leukemia cells. J. Pineal Res. 2009, 47, 147–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  92. Galano, A.; Tan, D.X.; Reiter, R.J. Melatonin: A Versatile Protector against Oxidative DNA Damage. Molecules 2018, 23, 530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Maestroni, G.J. T-helper-2 lymphocytes as a peripheral target of melatonin. J. Pineal Res. 1995, 18, 84–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Leon, J.; Casado, J.; Jimenez Ruiz, S.M.; Zurita, M.S.; Gonzalez-Puga, C.; Rejon, J.D.; Gila, A.; Munoz de Rueda, P.; Pavon, E.J.; Reiter, R.J.; et al. Melatonin reduces endothelin-1 expression and secretion in colon cancer cells through the inactivation of FoxO-1 and NF-kappabeta. J. Pineal Res. 2014, 56, 415–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  95. Lipartiti, M.; Franceschini, D.; Zanoni, R.; Gusella, M.; Giusti, P.; Cagnoli, C.M.; Kharlamov, A.; Manev, H. Neuroprotective effects of melatonin. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1996, 398, 315–321. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  96. Ben-David, M.A.; Elkayam, R.; Gelernter, I.; Pfeffer, R.M. Melatonin for Prevention of Breast Radiation Dermatitis: A Phase II, Prospective, Double-Blind Randomized Trial. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 2016, 18, 188–192. [Google Scholar]
  97. Onseng, K.; Johns, N.P.; Khuayjarernpanishk, T.; Subongkot, S.; Priprem, A.; Hurst, C.; Johns, J. Beneficial Effects of Adjuvant Melatonin in Minimizing Oral Mucositis Complications in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Concurrent Chemoradiation. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2017, 23, 957–963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  98. Lozano, A.; Marruecos, J.; Rubió-Casadevall, J.; Farre, N.; Lopez-Pousa, A.; Giralt, J.; Planas, I.; Cirauqui, B.; Lanzuela, M.; Morera, R.; et al. Phase II trial of high-dose melatonin oral gel for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in H&N cancer patients undergoing chemoradiation (MUCOMEL). J. Clin. Oncol. 2018, 36, 6007. [Google Scholar]
  99. Gurses, I.; Ozeren, M.; Serin, M.; Yucel, N.; Erkal, H.S. Histopathological evaluation of melatonin as a protective agent in heart injury induced by radiation in a rat model. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2014, 210, 863–871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  100. Abadi, S.; Shirazi, A.; Alizadeh, A.M.; Changizi, V.; Najafi, M.; Khalighfard, S.; Nosrati, H. The Effect of Melatonin on Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity, and Malondialdehyde Levels in the Targeted and the Non-targeted Lung and Heart Tissues after Irradiation in Xenograft Mice Colon Cancer. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol. 2018, 11, 326–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  101. Brown, K.M.; Arthur, J.R. Selenium, selenoproteins and human health: A review. Public Health Nutr. 2001, 4, 593–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  102. Buntzel, J.; Riesenbeck, D.; Glatzel, M.; Berndt-Skorka, R.; Riedel, T.; Mucke, R.; Kisters, K.; Schonekaes, K.G.; Schafer, U.; Bruns, F.; et al. Limited effects of selenium substitution in the prevention of radiation-associated toxicities. results of a randomized study in head and neck cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2010, 30, 1829–1832. [Google Scholar]
  103. Amini, P.; Rezapoor, S.; Shabeeb, D.; Eleojo Musa, A.; Najafi, M.; Motevaseli, E. Evaluating the Protective Effect of a Combination of Curcumin and Selenium-L-Methionine on Radiation Induced Dual Oxidase Upregulation. Pharm. Sci. 2018, 24, 340–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  104. Kang, N.J.; Shin, S.H.; Lee, H.J.; Lee, K.W. Polyphenols as small molecular inhibitors of signaling cascades in carcinogenesis. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011, 130, 310–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  105. Korish, A.A.; Arafa, M.M. Propolis derivatives inhibit the systemic inflammatory response and protect hepatic and neuronal cells in acute septic shock. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 15, 332–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  106. Yilmaz, H.R.; Sogut, S.; Ozyurt, B.; Ozugurlu, F.; Sahin, S.; Isik, B.; Uz, E.; Ozyurt, H. The activities of liver adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide after cisplatin toxicity in rats: Protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Toxicol. Ind. Health 2005, 21, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  107. Mansour, H.H.; Tawfik, S.S. Early treatment of radiation-induced heart damage in rats by caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2012, 692, 46–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  108. Sovak, M. Grape Extract, Resveratrol, and Its Analogs: A Review. J. Med. Food 2001, 4, 93–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  109. Singh, R.P.; Tyagi, A.K.; Dhanalakshmi, S.; Agarwal, R.; Agarwal, C. Grape seed extract inhibits advanced human prostate tumor growth and angiogenesis and upregulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Int. J. Cancer 2004, 108, 733–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  110. Dhanalakshmi, S.; Agarwal, R.; Agarwal, C. Inhibition of NF-kappaB pathway in grape seed extract-induced apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. Int. J. Oncol. 2003, 23, 721–727. [Google Scholar]
  111. De Freitas, R.B.; Boligon, A.A.; Rovani, B.T.; Piana, M.; de Brum, T.F.; da Silva Jesus, R.; Rother, F.C.; Alves, N.M.; Teixeira da Rocha, J.B.; Athayde, M.L.; et al. Effect of black grape juice against heart damage from acute gamma TBI in rats. Molecules 2013, 18, 12154–12167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  112. Vennekens, R.; Vriens, J.; Nilius, B. Herbal compounds and toxins modulating TRP channels. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2008, 6, 79–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  113. Rajan, I.; Narayanan, N.; Rabindran, R.; Jayasree, P.; Kumar, P.M. Zingerone protects against stannous chloride-induced and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative DNA damage in vitro. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2013, 155, 455–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  114. Ali, B.H.; Blunden, G.; Tanira, M.O.; Nemmar, A. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 409–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  115. Kim, M.K.; Chung, S.W.; Kim, D.H.; Kim, J.M.; Lee, E.K.; Kim, J.Y.; Ha, Y.M.; Kim, Y.H.; No, J.-K.; Chung, H.S. Modulation of age-related NF-κB activation by dietary zingerone via MAPK pathway. Exp. Gerontol. 2010, 45, 419–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  116. Vinothkumar, R.; Vinothkumar, R.; Sudha, M.; Nalini, N. Chemopreventive effect of zingerone against colon carcinogenesis induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2014, 23, 361–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  117. Kumar, L.; Chhibber, S.; Harjai, K. Zingerone inhibit biofilm formation and improve antibiofilm efficacy of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Fitoterapia 2013, 90, 73–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  118. Nageshwar Rao, B.; Satish Rao, B. Antagonistic effects of Zingerone, a phenolic alkanone against radiation-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis and oxidative stress in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells growing in vitro. Mutagenesis 2010, 25, 577–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  119. Rao, B.N.; Rao, B.S.; Aithal, B.K.; Kumar, M.S. Radiomodifying and anticlastogenic effect of Zingerone on Swiss albino mice exposed to whole body gamma radiation. Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 2009, 677, 33–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  120. Soliman, A.F.; Anees, L.M.; Ibrahim, D.M. Cardioprotective effect of zingerone against oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by cisplatin or gamma radiation in rats. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 2018, 391, 819–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  121. Wang, Y.-Q.; Zhang, J.-Q.; Liu, C.-H.; Zhu, D.-N.; Yu, B.-Y. Screening and identifying the myocardial-injury protective ingredients from Sheng-Mai-San. Pharm. Biol. 2013, 51, 1219–1227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  122. Wu, L.; Ding, X.-P.; Zhu, D.-N.; Yu, B.-Y.; Yan, Y.-Q. Study on the radical scavengers in the traditional Chinese medicine formula Shengmai San by HPLC–DAD coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) and ESI–MS/MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010, 52, 438–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  123. Chai, C.-Z.; Mo, W.-L.; Zhuang, X.-F.; Kou, J.-P.; Yan, Y.-Q.; Yu, B.-Y. Protective effects of sheng-mai-san on right ventricular dysfunction during chronic intermittent hypoxia in mice. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  124. World Health Organization. WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region; WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific: Manila, Philippines, 2007. [Google Scholar]
  125. Liu, P.; Cao, Y.; Qiao, X. Clinical study on shenmai injection in promoting postoperative recovery in patients of breast cancer. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2000, 20, 328–329. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  126. Protective Effect of Total Saponin from Shengmaisan (TSS) on Myocardial Anoxia by Oral and Intravenous Administration. Study J. TCM 2004, 22, 822–824.
  127. Xu, N.; Qiu, C.; Wang, W.; Wang, Y.; Chai, C.; Yan, Y.; Zhu, D. HPLC/MS/MS for quantification of two types of neurotransmitters in rat brain and application: Myocardial ischemia and protection of Sheng-Mai-San. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2011, 55, 101–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  128. Lee, I.Y.; Lee, C.C.; Chang, C.K.; Chien, C.H.; Lin, M.T. Sheng mai san, a Chinese herbal medicine, protects against renal ischaemic injury during heat stroke in the rat. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2005, 32, 742–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  129. Ouyang, X.; Yin, R.; Zhang, Y. Effects of shenmai injection on the clinical efficacy of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe respiratory failure caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2006, 26, 608–611. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  130. Zheng, D.-S.; Qing, L.-J.; Lin, B. Effect of ligustrazine and shenmai injection on pulmonary artery hypertension in cor pulmonale. Pract. J. Card. Cereb. Pneumal Vasc. Dis. 2012, 20, 293–295. [Google Scholar]
  131. Lo, L.-C.; Chen, C.-Y.; Chen, S.-T.; Chen, H.-C.; Lee, T.-C.; Chang, C.-S. Therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine, Shen-Mai San, in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy: Study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2012, 13, 232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  132. Mathers, C.D.; Loncar, D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006, 3, e442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Table
Table 1. Natural products and mechanisms of protection against radiation-induced heart diseases (RIHD).
Table 1. Natural products and mechanisms of protection against radiation-induced heart diseases (RIHD).
Natural ProductMechanism against RIHD
HesperidinAntioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
CurcuminAnti-inflammatory
MelatoninAntiapoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
SeleniumAntioxidant effect
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Black grape juice (BGJ)Antioxidant effect
ZingeroneAntioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Sheng-Mai-San (SMS)Antioxidant effect

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Musa, A.E.; Shabeeb, D. Radiation-Induced Heart Diseases: Protective Effects of Natural Products. Medicina 2019, 55, 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050126

AMA Style

Musa AE, Shabeeb D. Radiation-Induced Heart Diseases: Protective Effects of Natural Products. Medicina. 2019; 55(5):126. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050126

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musa, Ahmed Eleojo, and Dheyauldeen Shabeeb. 2019. "Radiation-Induced Heart Diseases: Protective Effects of Natural Products" Medicina 55, no. 5: 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050126

APA Style

Musa, A. E., & Shabeeb, D. (2019). Radiation-Induced Heart Diseases: Protective Effects of Natural Products. Medicina, 55(5), 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050126

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop