Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6–8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Monitoring Air Pollution Effects on Children for Supporting Public Health Policy (MAPEC_LIFE) Project
2.2. Recruitment of Children and Questionnaire Administration
2.3. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
- Personal data: age, gender, child’s nation of birth (Italy or outside Italy), city of residence;
- Information on the parents: nation of birth (Italy or outside Italy), level of education (degree or high-school leaving certificate/lower qualification), employment status (employed or unemployed, including students and homemakers), level of employment (level I: businessman, manager, professional; level II: office worker; level III: manual worker, craftsman), smoking habits;
- Information on child’s physical activity: regular exercise (three or more times a week), outdoor sports;
- Outdoor pollution exposure factors: perceived level of traffic near the home and the school.
2.4. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | (n) | OW (Including OB) | OB | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | |||
Gender | Boys | (592) | 31.9 | 1.38 (1.07–1.78) | 20.1 | 1.83 (1.33–2.53) |
Girls | (572) | 25.4 | - | 12.1 | ||
Age | 6 years | (459) | 29.6 | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 17.0 | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) |
7 years | (401) | 26.9 | - | 15.2 | - | |
8 years | (304) | 29.6 | - | 16.1 | - | |
Area of residence | North | (477) | 25.6 | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 14.5 | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) |
Centre–South | (687) | 30.9 | - | 17.3 | - |
Variable | (n) | OW (Including OB) | OB | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | |||
Mother’s Nation of Birth | Outside Italy | (180) | 38.9 | 1.74 (1.25–2.41) | 20.6 | 1.43 (0.96–2.13) |
Italy | (984) | 26.8 | - | 15.3 | - | |
Father’s Nation of Birth | Outside Italy | (138) | 35.5 | 1.43 (1.00–2.08) | 20.3 | 1.38 (0.88–2.15) |
Italy | (1026) | 27.8 | - | 15.6 | - | |
Mother’s Level of Education | University Degree | (563) | 24.9 | 0.70 (0.54–0.90) | 13.9 | 0.72 (0.52–0.98) |
High School or Lower | (600) | 32.1 | - | 18.3 | - | |
Father’s Level of Education | University Degree | (457) | 24.5 | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) | 12.0 | 0.59 (0.42–0.83) |
High School or Lower | (689) | 31.0 | - | 18.7 | - | |
Mother Employed | Yes | (853) | 29.3 | 1.13 (0.85–1.52) | 16.3 | 1.04 (0.73–1.48) |
No | (310) | 26.8 | - | 15.8 | - | |
Father Employed | Yes | (1022) | 28.7 | 1.16 (0.76–1.77) | 16.2 | 1.14 (0.68–1.92) |
No | (124) | 25.8 | - | 14.5 | - | |
Mother’s Occupation | Level I 1 | (272) | 23.9 | 0.67 (0.48–0.93) | 9.9 | 0.46 (0.30–0.72) |
Level II 2 | (389) | 30.1 | - | 18.5 | - | |
Level III 3 | (192) | 35.4 | - | 20.8 | - | |
Father’s Occupation | Level I 1 | (427) | 23.7 | 0.64 (0.49–0.85) | 12.2 | 0.58 (0.41–0.83) |
Level II 2 | (279) | 32.3 | - | 19.0 | - | |
Level III 3 | (315) | 32.7 | - | 19.4 | - | |
Mother Smoker | Yes | (227) | 33.9 | 1.36 (1.00–1.86) | 24.2 | 1.93 (1.36–2.75) |
No | (936) | 27.4 | - | 14.2 | - | |
Father Smoker | Yes | (323) | 32.2 | 1.28 (0.97–1.70) | 21.7 | 1.72 (1.24–2.39) |
No | (822) | 27.0 | - | 13.9 | - |
Variable | (n) | OW (Including OB) | OB | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | |||
Level of Traffic near the Home | Heavy | (460) | 27.6 | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 15.7 | 0.94 (0.68–1.30) |
Moderate or Light | (704) | 29.4 | - | 16.5 | - | |
Level of Traffic near the School | Heavy | (603) | 29.5 | 1.09 (0.84–1.40) | 17.1 | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) |
Moderate or Light | (561) | 27.8 | - | 15.2 | - |
Variable | (n) | OW (Including OB) | OB | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | |||
Sport (≥3 Times/Week) | Yes | (522) | 31.0 | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 18.2 | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) |
No | (642) | 26.8 | - | 14.5 | - | |
Outdoor Sports | Yes | (329) | 28.3 | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 16.1 | 1.00 (0.70–1.41) |
No | (835) | 28.9 | - | 16.2 | - |
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Grassi, T.; De Donno, A.; Bagordo, F.; Serio, F.; Piscitelli, P.; Ceretti, E.; Zani, C.; Viola, G.C.V.; Villarini, M.; Moretti, M.; et al. Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6–8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101002
Grassi T, De Donno A, Bagordo F, Serio F, Piscitelli P, Ceretti E, Zani C, Viola GCV, Villarini M, Moretti M, et al. Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6–8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101002
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrassi, Tiziana, Antonella De Donno, Francesco Bagordo, Francesca Serio, Prisco Piscitelli, Elisabetta Ceretti, Claudia Zani, Gaia C. V. Viola, Milena Villarini, Massimo Moretti, and et al. 2016. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 6–8 Years Living in Five Italian Cities (the MAPEC_LIFE Cohort)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101002