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Antioxidants
Volume 11
Issue 4
10.3390/antiox11040609
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Article

Evaluation of Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Eleven Pistachio Cultivars (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivated in Andalusia

by
José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
1,*,
Isabel Velasco-Ruiz
1,
María Lovera
2,
José Luis Ordoñez-Díaz
1,
Víctor Ortiz-Somovilla
1,
Elsy De Santiago
1,*,
Octavio Arquero
2 and
Gema Pereira-Caro
1
1
Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality Area, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez-Pidal, s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
2
Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Technology, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez-Pidal, s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040609
Submission received: 24 February 2022 / Revised: 17 March 2022 / Accepted: 18 March 2022 / Published: 22 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Foods II)
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Abstract

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is a nut with a good adaptability to the Mediterranean conditions of cultivation, specifically in the Andalusian region, becoming an emerging crop. Moreover, it has been getting attention in the past years for the great content of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. Although some studies have reported the polyphenolic profile of pistachios, most of them have analyzed the hull part, considered as a residue, and not the kernel which is the edible part. Therefore, characterization of eleven varieties of pistachios kernels cultivated in Andalusia and harvested in 2019 and 2020 was carried out by UHPLC-MS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry). The identification and quantification of 56 polyphenolic compounds was performed, being the hydroxybenzoic acids group the most abundant with a 71–86% of the total amount followed by flavan-3-ols group that accounted for 8–24%. Moreover, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was the main compound in most of the varieties, followed by vanillic acid hexoside. Larnaka, Avdat, Aegina, and Mateur presented the highest amount of total polyphenols, while Kalehghouchi, Joley, Lost Hills, Kerman, and Golden Hills were the varieties with the lowest content. Regarding the harvest season, no significant differences (p < 0.01) were found in the total amount of polyphenols between 2019 and 2020. In addition, the antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) assays, showing a similar trend as that of the polyphenols.
Keywords: pistachios; kernels; polyphenols; antioxidant activity; mass spectrometry; Pistacia vera L. pistachios; kernels; polyphenols; antioxidant activity; mass spectrometry; Pistacia vera L.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Moreno-Rojas, J.M.; Velasco-Ruiz, I.; Lovera, M.; Ordoñez-Díaz, J.L.; Ortiz-Somovilla, V.; De Santiago, E.; Arquero, O.; Pereira-Caro, G. Evaluation of Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Eleven Pistachio Cultivars (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivated in Andalusia. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040609

AMA Style

Moreno-Rojas JM, Velasco-Ruiz I, Lovera M, Ordoñez-Díaz JL, Ortiz-Somovilla V, De Santiago E, Arquero O, Pereira-Caro G. Evaluation of Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Eleven Pistachio Cultivars (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivated in Andalusia. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(4):609. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040609

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moreno-Rojas, José Manuel, Isabel Velasco-Ruiz, María Lovera, José Luis Ordoñez-Díaz, Víctor Ortiz-Somovilla, Elsy De Santiago, Octavio Arquero, and Gema Pereira-Caro. 2022. "Evaluation of Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Eleven Pistachio Cultivars (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivated in Andalusia" Antioxidants 11, no. 4: 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040609

APA Style

Moreno-Rojas, J. M., Velasco-Ruiz, I., Lovera, M., Ordoñez-Díaz, J. L., Ortiz-Somovilla, V., De Santiago, E., Arquero, O., & Pereira-Caro, G. (2022). Evaluation of Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Eleven Pistachio Cultivars (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivated in Andalusia. Antioxidants, 11(4), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040609

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