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Review

Physiological Mechanisms of and Therapeutic Approaches to the Gut Microbiome and Low-Grade Inflammation in Obesity

by
Agnieszka Pelc
1,
Weronika Fic
2,
Tymoteusz Typrowicz
2 and
Ewelina Polak-Szczybyło
3,*
1
Department of Physiotherapy, Institute of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzeszów, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
2
Student Scientific Club of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzeszów, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
3
Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzeszów, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(8), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080637
Submission received: 1 June 2025 / Revised: 1 August 2025 / Accepted: 5 August 2025 / Published: 8 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights from Genetics, Epigenetics, and Microbiome Research in Obesity: Integrative Approaches to Understand Metabolic Disorders)
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Abstract

Obesity is a growing global health challenge, closely linked to chronic low-grade inflammation. This persistent, low-intensity immune response contributes to the development of metabolic, cardiovascular, and cancer-related diseases. A key player in this process is the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut bacterial composition, disrupts metabolic function, weakens the intestinal barrier, and promotes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In people with obesity, gut microbial diversity is reduced, and the ratio of beneficial to harmful bacteria shifts, affecting lipid metabolism and immune balance. Short-chain fatty acids, produced by gut bacteria, help maintain gut integrity and reduce inflammation. Butyrate, a major SCFA, also improves insulin sensitivity and may support obesity treatment. Diet plays a central role in shaping the gut microbiome. Western diets tend to promote dysbiosis and inflammation, while Mediterranean-style diets encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria. Targeted modulation of the microbiota through diet, probiotics, or medication emerges as a promising strategy for preventing and managing obesity.
Keywords: adipose tissue; inflammation; GALT; probiotics; short-chain fatty acids; diet adipose tissue; inflammation; GALT; probiotics; short-chain fatty acids; diet

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pelc, A.; Fic, W.; Typrowicz, T.; Polak-Szczybyło, E. Physiological Mechanisms of and Therapeutic Approaches to the Gut Microbiome and Low-Grade Inflammation in Obesity. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47, 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080637

AMA Style

Pelc A, Fic W, Typrowicz T, Polak-Szczybyło E. Physiological Mechanisms of and Therapeutic Approaches to the Gut Microbiome and Low-Grade Inflammation in Obesity. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2025; 47(8):637. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080637

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pelc, Agnieszka, Weronika Fic, Tymoteusz Typrowicz, and Ewelina Polak-Szczybyło. 2025. "Physiological Mechanisms of and Therapeutic Approaches to the Gut Microbiome and Low-Grade Inflammation in Obesity" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 47, no. 8: 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080637

APA Style

Pelc, A., Fic, W., Typrowicz, T., & Polak-Szczybyło, E. (2025). Physiological Mechanisms of and Therapeutic Approaches to the Gut Microbiome and Low-Grade Inflammation in Obesity. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 47(8), 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080637

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