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Pharmaceuticals
Volume 15
Issue 3
10.3390/ph15030299
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Article

Old and New Biomarkers for Infection, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity in Treatment-Resistant Affective and Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

by
Christian Scheiber
1,
Tanja Schulz
1,
Julian M. Schneider
1,
Karl Bechter
2 and
E. Marion Schneider
1,*
1
Division of Experimental Anaesthesiology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
2
Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, 89312 Günzburg, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15030299
Submission received: 17 January 2022 / Revised: 24 February 2022 / Accepted: 24 February 2022 / Published: 28 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cerebral Production and Action of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines)
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Abstract

Affective (AF) and Schizophrenic (SZ) Spectrum disorders manifest with risk factors, involving inflammatory processes linked to infections and autoimmunity. This study searched for novel biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood. A total of 29 AF and 39 SZ patients with treatment-resistant disease were included. In CSF, the chemokine IL-8 was significantly elevated in AF and SZ patients. IL-8 promotes chemotaxis by neutrophils and may originate from different tissues. S100B, a glia-derived brain damage marker, was higher in CSF from AF than SZ patients. Among the plasma-derived biomarkers, ferritin was elevated in AF and SZ. Soluble CD25, indicating Treg dysfunction, was higher in SZ than in AF patients. Interferon-γ, implying virus-specific immune activation, was positive in selective AF patients, only. Both groups showed elevated expression of immunosuppressive CD33 on monocytes, but higher amounts of CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells were restricted to SZ. In conclusion, chemotactic IL-8 indicates neuronal stress and inflammation in the CSF of both groups. Novel plasma-derived biomarkers such as sCD25 and monocytic CD33 distinguish SZ from AF with an autoimmune phenotype.
Keywords: affective disorders; schizophrenia; cerebrospinal fluid; biomarkers; immune phenotypes; monocytes affective disorders; schizophrenia; cerebrospinal fluid; biomarkers; immune phenotypes; monocytes
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MDPI and ACS Style

Scheiber, C.; Schulz, T.; Schneider, J.M.; Bechter, K.; Schneider, E.M. Old and New Biomarkers for Infection, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity in Treatment-Resistant Affective and Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15030299

AMA Style

Scheiber C, Schulz T, Schneider JM, Bechter K, Schneider EM. Old and New Biomarkers for Infection, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity in Treatment-Resistant Affective and Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders. Pharmaceuticals. 2022; 15(3):299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15030299

Chicago/Turabian Style

Scheiber, Christian, Tanja Schulz, Julian M. Schneider, Karl Bechter, and E. Marion Schneider. 2022. "Old and New Biomarkers for Infection, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity in Treatment-Resistant Affective and Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders" Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 3: 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15030299

APA Style

Scheiber, C., Schulz, T., Schneider, J. M., Bechter, K., & Schneider, E. M. (2022). Old and New Biomarkers for Infection, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity in Treatment-Resistant Affective and Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders. Pharmaceuticals, 15(3), 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15030299

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