Research on LEACH Protocol Based on Dynamic Clustering and Routing Optimization

The limited and often irreplaceable battery energy of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes, which are typically deployed in harsh environments, poses a critical challenge. Excessive energy consumption can lead to node failure and consequent data loss, making energy efficiency a central research focus. To address the limitations of the LEACH protocol in cluster head (CH) election and transmission modes, this paper proposes an optimized approach. First, sensor nodes are clustered using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) neural network. Subsequently, the CH election function incorporates the node’s residual energy, distance to the base station, and neighbor node density. Finally, the data transmission stage employs a hybrid method combining Fibonacci sequences and a bee algorithm for routing optimization. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol outperforms benchmarks in terms of the node death round, network lifetime, and data throughput across different base station locations, offering a valuable technical solution for routing optimization in medium- and large-scale WSNs.