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Volume 25
Issue 23
10.3390/s25237363
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Molecularly Imprinted Membranes: Dual@MIPs@mbr for On-Site Detection of CA 19-9

by
Eduarda Rodrigues
1,†,
Ana Xu
1,†,
Paula Sampaio
2,3,
Rafael C. Castro
4,
David S. M. Ribeiro
4,
João L. M. Santos
4 and
Ana Margarida L. Piloto
1,4,*
1
CIETI-LabRISE, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
2
i3S—Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
3
IBMC—Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
4
LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7363; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237363 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 October 2025 / Revised: 26 November 2025 / Accepted: 1 December 2025 / Published: 3 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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Abstract

Dual-emission molecularly imprinted membranes (dual@MIPs@mbr) were developed as a proof-of-concept platform for the selective and instrument-free detection of the cancer biomarker carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9). The system integrates a ratiometric fluorescence response by embedding yellow-emitting quantum dots (y-QDs), serving as target-responsive probes, and blue-emitting carbon dots (b-CDs), acting as an internal reference, within a CA 19-9-imprinted polymeric matrix. Specific rebinding of CA 19-9 to the imprinted cavities induced selective quenching of the y-QDs while preserving the b-CDs emission, yielding a visible color shift from yellow/green to blue. This behavior enabled the quantification of CA 19-9 over a linear range of 4–400 U·mL−1, with a limit of detection of 0.056 U·mL−1 in diluted serum. The membranes showed good selectivity against common serum interferents and maintained short-term photochemical stability. Although the method has not yet been validated using real clinical samples, the pronounced ratiometric response and simple visual readout demonstrate its potential as a low-cost, portable sensing approach for future point-of-care cancer biomarker analysis.
Keywords: dual-emission molecularly imprinted membranes (dual@MIPs@mbr); quantum dots (QDs); carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9; point-of-care detection dual-emission molecularly imprinted membranes (dual@MIPs@mbr); quantum dots (QDs); carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9; point-of-care detection
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MDPI and ACS Style

Rodrigues, E.; Xu, A.; Sampaio, P.; Castro, R.C.; Ribeiro, D.S.M.; Santos, J.L.M.; Piloto, A.M.L. Molecularly Imprinted Membranes: Dual@MIPs@mbr for On-Site Detection of CA 19-9. Sensors 2025, 25, 7363. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237363

AMA Style

Rodrigues E, Xu A, Sampaio P, Castro RC, Ribeiro DSM, Santos JLM, Piloto AML. Molecularly Imprinted Membranes: Dual@MIPs@mbr for On-Site Detection of CA 19-9. Sensors. 2025; 25(23):7363. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237363

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigues, Eduarda, Ana Xu, Paula Sampaio, Rafael C. Castro, David S. M. Ribeiro, João L. M. Santos, and Ana Margarida L. Piloto. 2025. "Molecularly Imprinted Membranes: Dual@MIPs@mbr for On-Site Detection of CA 19-9" Sensors 25, no. 23: 7363. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237363

APA Style

Rodrigues, E., Xu, A., Sampaio, P., Castro, R. C., Ribeiro, D. S. M., Santos, J. L. M., & Piloto, A. M. L. (2025). Molecularly Imprinted Membranes: Dual@MIPs@mbr for On-Site Detection of CA 19-9. Sensors, 25(23), 7363. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237363

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