Swin Transformer Based Recognition for Hydraulic Fracturing Microseismic Signals from Coal Seam Roof with Ultra Large Mining Height

Accurate differentiation between microseismic signals induced by hydraulic fracturing and those from roof fracturing is vital for optimizing fracturing efficiency, assessing roof stability, and mitigating mining-induced hazards in coal mining operations. We propose an automatic identification method for microseismic signals generated by hydraulic fracturing in coal seam roofs. This method first transforms the microseismic signals induced by hydraulic fracturing and roof fracturing into time-frequency feature images using the Frequency Slice Wavelet Transform (FSWT) technique, and then employs a sliding window (Swin) Transformer network to automatically identify and classify these two types of time-frequency feature maps. A comparative analysis is conducted on the performance of three methods—including the signal energy distribution method, Residual Network (ResNet) model, and VGG Network (VGGNet) model—in identifying microseismic signals from hydraulic fracturing in coal seam roofs. The results demonstrate that the Swin Transformer recognition model combined with FSWT achieves an accuracy of 92.49% and an F1-score of 92.96% on the test set of field-acquired microseismic signals from hydraulic fracturing and roof fracturing. These performance metrics are significantly superior to those of the signal energy distribution method (accuracy: 64.70%, F1-score: 64.70%), ResNet model (accuracy: 88.04%, F1-score: 89.24%), and VGGNet model (accuracy: 88.47%, F1-score: 89.52%). This advancement provides a reliable technical approach for monitoring hydraulic fracturing effects and ensuring roof safety in coal mines.